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Questions and Answers
Cuticular proteins have not been identified as key molecules for plant virus transmission
False
Insect proteins involved in virus transmission have been well characterized at the molecular level
False
Recent advances in the study of virus–vector interactions have not contributed significantly to filling the knowledge gap
False
The review article is not open access and requires a subscription to read
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CuP proteins have been shown to promote viral transmission in insects and protect them from viral infections.
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Overexpression of RR-2 pupal CuP in mosquito cells inhibited WNV infection.
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Chitin-binding proteins in insects have been proposed to protect the insect from viral infection by preventing virus-receptor interactions.
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Almost all the CuPs identified in plant virus-vector interaction studies belong to the large CPR family.
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Most plant viruses are transmitted vertically via insect vectors.
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Cuticular proteins (CuPs) are not involved in virus-vector interactions.
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CPR family proteins are only involved in noncirculative virus transmission.
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Insect vectors for plant viruses include species with chewing mouthparts.
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Cuticular proteins are only involved in the transmission of circulative plant viruses
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High-throughput approaches such as proteomic and transcriptomic analyses are not used to detect changes in protein abundance or genes differentially expressed between viruliferous or healthy insects
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CuPs have been shown to interact with arboviruses and their precise role in arbovirus infection is well documented
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CPR1, an RR-1 protein, was identified by YTH screening of a cDNA library using the viral nucleocapsid protein pc3 (N) as bait
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Potyviruses and cucumoviruses have been shown to bind to the acrostyle, a recently discovered organ in the area of stylets.
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The nucleocapsid protein of the circulative rice stripe virus (RSV) binds directly to an RR-1 protein in the hemolymph of its planthopper vector.
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The coat protein of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) interacts directly with the vector receptors through its coat protein, and the RR-1 protein Mpcp4 is a candidate receptor.
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All identified CuPs in insect stylets are proteins from the CPR family.
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Study Notes
- Receptors for foregut-borne viruses are poorly characterized, and no CuP has been shown to be involved in their retention or transmission.
- Noncirculative viruses, such as those in the families Potyviridae, Bromoviridae, and Caulimoviridae, are retained in the stylets.
- The acrostyle, a recently discovered organ in the area of stylets where potyviruses and cucumoviruses have been shown to bind, was identified as the location of the CaMV receptor.
- The zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), a potyvirus, was the first noncirculative virus to have its cuticular partners identified. These proteins, RR-1 and three RR-2 proteins, were detected using a far-western blot approach.
- More recent studies have identified peptides at the tip of maxillary stylets, including peptide PepS, which is present in two CuPs identified in the study on ZYMV.
- Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a noncirculative virus, interacts with its receptor, RR-1 protein, at the fused food/salivary common canal of aphid maxillary stylets.
- Circulative viruses, such as barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), and turnip yellow virus (TuYV,) interact with cuticular proteins within their aphid vector bodies.
- The nucleocapsid protein of the circulative rice stripe virus (RSV) binds an RR-1 protein in the hemolymph of its planthopper vector.
- The coat protein of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) interacts directly with the vector receptors through its coat protein, and the RR-1 protein Mpcp4 is a candidate receptor.
- Two recent studies identified RR-1 and RR-2 proteins as potential receptors for CaMV, with Stylin-01 and Stylin-02 being highly homologous RR-1 proteins detected at the tip of aphid stylets.
- The two RR-1 and RR-2 proteins are present at the interface in direct contact with contaminated phloem sap and are involved in virus–vector interactions.
- All identified CuPs in insect stylets are proteins from the CPR family.
- The only noncirculative viruses that have had their receptors identified are those that interact with the CPR family of CuPs.
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Description
Explore the poorly characterized receptors of foregut-borne viruses, and the involvement of CuP in their retention or transmission. Learn about the composition of stylets and in vitro interaction assays used to study viral receptors.
