Vietnam vs. Iraq War Veterans Differences
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Questions and Answers

What does the PACT Act aim to address for veterans?

  • Enhancing job placement services for veterans
  • Facilitating housing for veterans
  • Providing compensation for burn pit-related illnesses (correct)
  • Improving access to education for veterans

Which of the following best describes the historical relationship between veterans and the VA?

  • The VA has actively sought to improve treatment options for veterans
  • The VA has been focused on making enlistment benefits more attractive (correct)
  • Veterans have always trusted the VA to support their needs
  • Veterans have consistently received prompt recognition and assistance

What is one of the six frames that Kumar attributes to Islamophobia?

  • Islam promotes peace and coexistence
  • Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world
  • Muslim women are oppressed and need Western intervention for liberation (correct)
  • Muslims are capable of self-governance

The term 'Clash of Civilizations' refers to which of the following ideas?

<p>Portrayal of Latino and Muslim communities as foreign and incompatible with U.S. life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideology extends Islamophobia to Latino/a immigrants?

<p>Anti-terrorism policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one rationale used to justify deporting Latino/a immigrants?

<p>Connections to terrorism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects Deepa Kumar's view of Islam as a religion?

<p>Islam is a monolithic religion with no variations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of veteran support, what historical issue is highlighted?

<p>Veterans often struggle for fair treatment and compensation from the VA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant difference in the deployment duration between Vietnam War veterans and Iraq War veterans?

<p>Iraq War veterans often faced multiple tours. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did survivability rates for seriously wounded soldiers compare between the Vietnam War and Iraq War?

<p>Iraq War advancements improved survival rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key contributor to the higher suicide rates among post-9/11 veterans compared to non-veterans?

<p>Longer and repeated deployments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique stressors did Iraq War veterans face compared to their Vietnam counterparts?

<p>Stricter rules in combat zones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health issues are associated with exposure to burn pits during the post-9/11 wars?

<p>Cancer and cardiovascular toxicity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of healthcare significantly improved for veterans post-World War II compared to earlier conflicts?

<p>Advancements in mental health awareness and treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act when it was enacted?

<p>To strengthen U.S. law enforcement's ability to prevent terrorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of post-9/11 veterans is reported to have a suicide rate higher than non-veterans?

<p>1.5 times higher. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the USA PATRIOT Act allows the FBI to obtain business records relevant to a terrorism investigation?

<p>Section 215 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concerns led to the introduction of the USA FREEDOM Act?

<p>Controversies surrounding mass surveillance and privacy rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operational stressor contributed to PTSD prevalence among Iraq veterans?

<p>Moral injury from difficult combat decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Edward Snowden take regarding government surveillance?

<p>He leaked information about bulk data collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mass surveillance' refer to in the context of the USA PATRIOT Act?

<p>The widespread observation of individuals without their knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major criticism of the USA PATRIOT Act?

<p>It allowed excessive government control over personal liberties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which administration was involved in the introduction of the USA FREEDOM Act as a response to the PATRIOT Act?

<p>Obama Administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act allow government entities to access?

<p>Tangible things deemed relevant to a terrorism investigation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mass surveillance as defined by Amnesty International?

<p>Surveillance of communication methods of large populations without sufficient evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term did Obama prefer over 'War on Terror'?

<p>Overseas Contingency Operation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) program emphasize?

<p>Engagement of community members in preventative measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nguyen's article, what is one criticism of CVE programs?

<p>They intensify racialized policing and target specific communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'pre-criminal space' in the context of CVE?

<p>Monitoring behaviors that may indicate possible future criminal acts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups were historically targeted more by CVE programs according to the content?

<p>Arab and Muslim communities primarily, while others were overlooked (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable claim made by Nguyen regarding 'pre-criminal behaviors'?

<p>Many behaviors considered pre-criminal are linked to emerging religious practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does CVE differ from traditional hard power approaches to counter-terrorism?

<p>CVE focuses on community involvement instead of criminal prosecution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pre-criminal' refer to in this context?

<p>Non-criminal behaviors that may be criminalized due to societal perceptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal change did the hypermasculine response to 9/11 produce?

<p>A need for individuals to remain vigilant towards others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was Jessica Lynch's story portrayed in the media?

<p>As a symbolic representation of American bravery and heroism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jessica Lynch later express about her media portrayal?

<p>She felt uncomfortable with the exaggerated portrayal of her actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do 'camp followers' play in relation to an army?

<p>They provide support services such as food and supplies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of a 'pre-criminal space' impact law enforcement practices?

<p>It enhances the ability to report non-criminal behaviors to law enforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the 'docile patriots' formed after 9/11?

<p>A requirement to actively demonstrate loyalty and vigilance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Jessica Lynch's narrative particularly compelling for the media?

<p>She represented a narrative that resonated with national ideals of heroism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three actors commonly defined in war narratives according to Kumar?

<p>Protected/Victim, Threat/Villain, Protector/Hero (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue do Pro/Anti-War Feminists focus on separating from identity?

<p>Institution of marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant policy was enacted in 1993 related to LGBTQ military service members?

<p>Don't Ask Don't Tell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the rationale behind the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy?

<p>To maintain high standards of morale and discipline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution played a key role in the debates and policies regarding LGBTQ individuals in the military?

<p>The Palm Center (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main focus of the Pro/Anti-War Feminism movement?

<p>Separating essential services from marriage institutions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent one of the traditional roles defined in war narratives?

<p>Neutral Observer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant military policy was eventually lifted, allowing more inclusive service?

<p>Transgender Military Ban (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the change in medical technology during the Iraq War compared to the Vietnam War?

<p>More lives were saved due to better medical technology in Iraq. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of stop-loss policies for Iraq War veterans?

<p>Veterans often faced multiple deployments beyond the usual terms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to higher suicide rates among post-9/11 veterans?

<p>Advanced mental health treatment programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents the mental health challenges faced by Iraq War veterans?

<p>Multiple deployments exacerbated their mental health issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference in living conditions between veterans of the Vietnam War and the Iraq War?

<p>Vietnam veterans had access to more recreational activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the overall suicide rates of veterans in historical context?

<p>Today’s veteran suicide rates are lower than pre-WWII due to better awareness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the impact of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) on veterans?

<p>TBIs contribute to higher operational stress levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does redefining non-criminal behaviors as 'pre-criminal' have on racialized communities?

<p>Facilitates their criminalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of 'docile patriots' as a response to 9/11?

<p>Blind support for government actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the media’s portrayal of Jessica Lynch influence public perception?

<p>Presented her as a symbol of American bravery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do camp followers perform in relation to an army?

<p>Logistical and service support functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does the concept of a 'pre-criminal space' shift towards concerning law enforcement?

<p>Encouraging proactive reporting of non-criminal behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the media's focus on Jessica Lynch as an ideal figure for heroism?

<p>Her age and gender characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the portrayal of 'pre-criminal behaviors' affect community dynamics?

<p>Fosters vigilantism and mistrust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) program?

<p>Engaging community members to prevent violent extremism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant social change related to the hypermasculine response to 9/11?

<p>A culture of surveillance and suspicion towards others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism does Nguyen's article raise regarding CVE programs?

<p>They intensify racialized policing and surveillance in communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the term 'pre-criminal space' relate to CVE programs?

<p>It identifies behaviors that suggest potential for future terrorist actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift did Obama make in terminology regarding anti-terrorism strategies?

<p>He preferred the phrase 'Overseas Contingency Operation'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communities have CVE programs been historically criticized for targeting?

<p>Arab and Muslim communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Amnesty International, what does mass surveillance entail?

<p>Monitoring phone and internet communications of large populations without sufficient evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of CVE regarding community involvement?

<p>Community leaders are used for surveillance and monitoring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What argument does Nguyen present about behaviors deemed 'pre-criminal'?

<p>They can be linked to religious practices and immigration stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue have veterans historically faced when dealing with the VA?

<p>Recognition and compensation for service-related illnesses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following frames does Deepa Kumar use to describe Islamophobia?

<p>Islam is inherently violent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology is associated with the idea that Latino/a communities are detrimental to U.S. society?

<p>Clash of Civilizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary purposes of the USA PATRIOT Act after its enactment?

<p>To improve interagency intelligence sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the PACT Act of 2022 primarily take for veterans?

<p>Allocated funds for healthcare and disability compensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assertion is made regarding Islamophobia's intersection with immigration policies?

<p>It enables anti-terrorism measures to be applied to immigrants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the USA PATRIOT Act drew significant criticism regarding privacy violations?

<p>Expansion of the definition of terrorism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the overall government approach towards veterans historically?

<p>Emphasizing the attractiveness of military service (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the protector/hero play in war narratives as described by Kumar?

<p>The one who protects or rescues the victim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act permit law enforcement to access?

<p>Library records deemed relevant to a terrorism investigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor related to the frames of Islamophobia as described by Deepa Kumar?

<p>Muslim women are depicted as needing liberation from Western societies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the USA FREEDOM Act differ from the USA PATRIOT Act?

<p>It sought to enhance government oversight of surveillance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a focus of Pro/Anti-War Feminisms regarding family structures?

<p>Separating survival needs from marriage institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events directly influenced the introduction of the USA FREEDOM Act?

<p>The revelations by Edward Snowden about mass surveillance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy enacted in 1993?

<p>To permit LGBTQ individuals to serve while remaining discreet about their identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge do veterans face related to treatment for exposure to toxins?

<p>Resistance from the government regarding compensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rationale was given for the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy?

<p>It would improve the overall morale of the military (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Operation Vulgar Betrayal?

<p>Heightened opposition to government surveillance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical role did the Palm Center play in relation to LGBTQ individuals in the military?

<p>Informing debates and policies regarding LGBTQ military service (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern raised regarding mass surveillance following the post-9/11 context in the U.S.?

<p>Potential violation of civil liberties and privacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of activists in the Pro/Anti-War Feminism movement?

<p>To address intersectional issues affecting marginalized communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best encapsulates the main purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act?

<p>To strengthen national security through expanded powers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant policy was repealed related to women in military combat?

<p>The Combat Exclusion Policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the scenario depicted by Kumar involving the interplay of victims, threats, and protectors in war narratives?

<p>Narrative triad (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vietnam War veteran deployment

Vietnam War veterans typically served one year active duty.

Iraq War veteran deployment

Iraq War veterans often had multiple tours due to stop-loss policies and could not cap active duty at 24 months like previous wars.

Iraq War medical advancements

Improved medical technology in the Iraq War resulted in higher survival rates for the seriously injured compared to the Vietnam War.

Post-9/11 veteran mental health

Post-9/11 veterans' suicide rate is 1.5 times higher than non-veterans.

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Burn pit exposure

Burning waste in open areas during the post-9/11 wars; exposed service members to toxic fumes.

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Burn pit health problems

Exposure to burn pits resulted in various severe health conditions, including cancer and various lung and cardio-vascular problems.

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Veteran suicide rates today

Though alarming, veteran suicide rates today are lower than pre WWII eras, thanks to improved mental health awareness and treatment.

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Post 9-11 veteran suicide vs combat deaths

Post 9-11 veterans have died by suicide at least four times more than they died in combat.

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PACT Act

A 2022 law that increased healthcare and disability compensation for veterans exposed to burn pits.

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Islamophobia frames

Specific ways of thinking about Islam & Muslims that portray them negatively, found in Deepa Kumar's work.

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Monolithic religion (Islam)

A single, uniform view of Islam that ignores its internal differences and diversity.

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Clash of Civilizations

The idea that different cultures are inherently incompatible and will conflict.

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Islamophobia's extension

Using Islamophobic ideas to also target and discriminate against Latino/a immigrants.

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Terrorism Justification

Using the threat of terrorism as a reason to target latino immigrants with harsher deportation policies.

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VA (Veterans Affairs) struggles

Veterans' historical difficulty in receiving fair treatment, access to care, and compensation.

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Pre-Criminal Space

A concept where non-criminal behaviors are redefined as potential precursors to crime, often targeting racialized communities.

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Docile Patriots

The idea that Americans were expected to conform to the government's agenda after 9/11, showing unquestioning support for the war effort.

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Suspicion as a Duty

A post-9/11 atmosphere where individuals were encouraged to watch and report any suspicious behavior in their communities.

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Jessica Lynch's Narrative

The media portrayal of Jessica Lynch as a heroic soldier during the Iraq War, despite evidence contradicting this.

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Camp Follower

Individuals, both men and women, who provide support services to armies, such as food, clothing, and supplies.

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Media's Role in Shaping Narratives

The ability of the media to influence public perception and create narratives about events, sometimes distorting reality.

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Mass Surveillance

The monitoring of internet and phone communications of a large population, often entire countries, without sufficient evidence of wrongdoing.

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Overseas Contingency Operation

A term used by the Obama administration to describe military operations, shifting away from the 'War on Terror' language.

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Countering Violent Extremism (CVE)

Programs aimed at preventing terrorism through community engagement, typically involving social workers, teachers, and religious leaders.

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CVE and Policing

CVE programs have been criticized for intensifying racialized policing and targeting criminalization, particularly within Arab and Muslim communities.

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CVE Pre-Criminal Behaviors

Many behaviors considered 'pre-criminal' are linked to increased religious practice or the stresses of immigration, often lacking a scientific basis for predicting terrorism.

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CVE and Community Frontline

Local communities and institutions are expected to serve as the first line of defense against Violent Extremism under CVE programs.

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Lack of Scientific Basis for CVE

Nguyen argues that there is no scientific basis for identifying pre-criminal behaviors as reliably linked to future terrorist actions.

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War Narratives: Key Actors

Kumar argues that war stories often revolve around three main characters: the innocent victim, the aggressive villain, and the heroic protector who saves the victim.

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Pro/Anti-War Feminisms

A branch of feminist thought that critiques the role of women in war and the impact of war on women. It emphasizes the need for peace and challenges traditional gender roles.

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Don't Ask Don't Tell (DADT)

A US military policy from 1993 to 2011 that banned openly gay and lesbian individuals from serving in the military. It allowed them to serve as long as they kept their sexual orientation secret.

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The Palm Center

A research institution that played a key role in advocating for LGBTQ rights within the military, leading to the repeal of DADT and the lifting of the transgender service ban.

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Lifting of Ban on Women in Combat

A significant shift in US military policy that allows women to serve in all combat roles, ending restrictions that had previously excluded them from certain positions.

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Lifting of Transgender Military Ban

A landmark policy change allowing transgender individuals to serve openly in the US military. It removed regulations that prevented transgender people from serving.

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USA PATRIOT Act

A law passed after 9/11 to enhance U.S. law enforcement's ability to prevent and respond to terrorism. It expanded surveillance powers, improved intelligence sharing, tightened financial controls, and broadened the definition of terrorism.

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Section 215 of the PATRIOT Act

This section allows the FBI to get a court order to obtain "tangible things" (documents, records, etc.) from businesses or organizations deemed relevant to a terrorism investigation.

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Edward Snowden

A former CIA and NSA contractor who leaked classified information about government surveillance programs, including the PATRIOT Act's implementation.

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Librarians’ Opposition to the PATRIOT Act

Librarians raised concerns about Section 215 of the PATRIOT Act, arguing it could infringe on privacy rights by allowing the government to easily access sensitive information about library patrons, such as books they borrow or websites they visit.

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The USA FREEDOM Act

Legislation passed as a response to controversy surrounding the PATRIOT Act. It aimed to balance national security needs with individual privacy by limiting government surveillance powers.

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Operation Vulgar Betrayal

A covert operation conducted during the Vietnam War involving the use of psychological warfare tactics to undermine North Vietnamese morale. It involved planting false propaganda and using fake radio broadcasts.

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What was the controversy surrounding the PATRIOT Act?

The PATRIOT Act sparked significant debate over privacy violations, civil liberties, and potential government overreach. Concerns were raised that it could be used to infringe on people's privacy rights, leading to calls for reform and stricter oversight on its implementation.

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Vietnam War vs. Iraq War: Deployments

Vietnam War veterans served one-year tours, while Iraq War veterans often faced multiple deployments due to stop-loss policies and the inability to cap active duty at 24 months.

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Vietnam War vs. Iraq War: Medical Advancements

Improved medical technology in the Iraq War led to higher survival rates for seriously wounded soldiers compared to the Vietnam War.

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Iraq War Veterans: PTSD and Mental Health

Multiple deployments without adequate treatment in the Iraq War contributed to compounded PTSD, making it more severe than for Vietnam War veterans.

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Burn Pits: Definition and Use

Open-air burning of waste and debris during the post-9/11 wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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Burn Pits: Health Impacts

Exposure to burn pits led to severe health conditions, including cancer, lung disease, and cardiovascular toxicity.

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Veteran Suicide Rates: Historical Context

Although alarming, military suicide rates today are lower than pre-WWII due to advancements in mental health awareness and treatment.

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Post-9/11 Veteran Suicide Rates

Post-9/11 veterans have a suicide rate 1.5 times higher than non-veterans. More post-9/11 veterans have died by suicide than in combat.

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Post-9/11 Veteran Suicide: Contributing Factors

Longer deployments, increased combat exposure, PTSD, TBI, moral injury, and diminished public support contributed to higher suicide rates.

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VA Struggles

Veterans' historical difficulty in receiving fair treatment, access to care, and compensation for their service from the Veterans Affairs (VA) organization.

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Ideology

A set of shared beliefs, ideas, and values that shape how people understand the world and make decisions.

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Frames

The way an ideology is used to construct a specific understanding of the world, often highlighting certain aspects and downplaying others.

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How does CVE policing work?

CVE relies on community members and social service providers to monitor their own communities through observation and surveillance, often targeting specific communities.

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Who is specifically targeted by CVE?

CVE has a history of specifically targeting Arab and Muslim communities, while other groups like white supremacist terrorist groups were not seriously targeted until the Biden administration.

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What is the criticism of CVE?

Nguyen argues that there is no scientific basis for CVE's concept of 'pre-criminal' behaviors and that many of those behaviors are associated with religious practice or immigration.

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Why is CVE problematic?

CVE programs, while intending to prevent terrorism, have intensified racialized policing and targeted criminalization, especially in Arab and Muslim communities.

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Lifting of the Transgender Military Ban

A landmark policy allowing transgender individuals to serve openly in the US military, removing regulations that previously prevented them from serving.

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Media Shaping Narratives

The media's powerful ability to influence public perception and create narratives about events, sometimes using selective information to distort reality.

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Study Notes

Vietnam War vs. Iraq War Veteran Differences

  • Deployments: Vietnam War veterans served one year, while Iraq War veterans often faced multiple tours due to stop-loss policies. Post-9/11 veterans could not cap active duty at 24 months.
  • Survivability/Injuries: Iraq War improved medical technology, leading to higher survival rates among seriously wounded soldiers (15/16 survived compared to 5/8 in Vietnam). However, increased survivability also resulted in greater long-term medical needs due to more complex injuries.
  • Mental Health Challenges: Iraq War veterans experienced more PTSD due to multiple deployments without adequate treatment compared to Vietnam veterans. Conditions in Iraq, including continuous exposure to counterinsurgency and terrorism, created unique stressors.
  • Suicide Rates: Despite alarming rates, military suicide rates are lower than the pre-WWII era due to improved awareness and treatment. Post-9/11 veterans have a suicide rate 1.5 times higher than non-veterans, and at least four times as many have died by suicide than in combat.

Contributing Factors to Suicide Rates

  • Longer and repeated deployments increase combat exposure and PTSD prevalence.
  • Increase in traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), worsened by improvised explosive devices.
  • Moral injury and diminished public support for post-9/11 wars exacerbate mental health struggles.

Burn Pits

  • Definition: Burn pits involved the burning of waste and debris in open areas during post-9/11 wars, particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq.
  • Health Impacts: Exposure to burn pit fumes led to severe conditions such as cancer, interstitial lung disease, kidney toxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity. The Department of Defense estimates 3.5 million service members were exposed to these toxic fumes.

Veteran Struggles with the VA

  • Veterans have struggled with the VA regarding recognition and compensation for burn pit-related illnesses.
  • The PACT Act (2022) allocated $797 billion to extend healthcare and disability for affected veterans.

Islamophobia

  • Ideology and Frames (Deepa Kumar): Islamophobia constructs the world through six key frames. These frames include Islam being a monolithic religion, uniquely sexist, anti-modern, and inherently violent. These frames also include the idea that Islam is incapable of rationality and science, and that it inherently leads to violence.
  • Clash of Civilizations: This concept argues that some groups, like Latinos and Muslims, are foreign to the US and incompatible with its values.
  • Extension of Islamophobia: Islamophobia is being extended to Latino populations, using anti-terrorism policies to justify border control and deportation efforts. This falsely connects terrorism with immigration.

USA PATRIOT Act

  • Enacted after 9/11 attacks, it aimed to improve the US government's ability to prevent and respond to terrorism.
  • Section 215: This section allowed the FBI to obtain court orders requiring businesses and organizations to provide information deemed relevant to terrorism investigations (including library records). This section has been controversial due to concerns about privacy violations.

Mass Surveillance

  • The post-9/11 era saw increased mass surveillance using the Patriot Act and other measures.
  • Mass surveillance encompasses the monitoring of numerous individuals' internet and phone communications. The US government's controversial actions (like surveillance) have come under scrutiny for possibly undermining individual privacy.

Overseas Contingency Operations

  • Replaced "War on Terror" language.
  • Preferred "war with al-Qaeda” or Overseas Contingency Operation
  • Countering Violent Extremism (CVE): Programs police the "pre-criminal space" and identify behaviors that might indicate terrorist tendencies, often targeting certain racial groups. Nguyen argues there's no scientific basis for these behaviors being linked to terrorism, particularly as religious practice or immigration stress might be mischaracterized as pre-criminal.

Other topics

  • Media portrayal of Jessica Lynch exemplified the focus on heroic narratives in the war and the manipulation of public perceptions.
  • Camp followers: Men and women who followed armies and performed support functions (like food, clothing, and even prostitution).

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Explore the contrasting experiences of Vietnam War veterans and Iraq War veterans in this quiz. Delve into aspects such as deployments, survivability, mental health challenges, and suicide rates. Understand how these factors have shaped their experiences and the ongoing needs of veterans today.

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