Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structure prevents hyperextension at the elbow joint?
What structure prevents hyperextension at the elbow joint?
Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?
Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?
How many bones are in the human hand?
How many bones are in the human hand?
What is the correct sequence for the bones forming the acetabulum?
What is the correct sequence for the bones forming the acetabulum?
Signup and view all the answers
What part of the hip bone is responsible for providing attachment for muscles?
What part of the hip bone is responsible for providing attachment for muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the distal end of the radius?
What characterizes the distal end of the radius?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the thumb in anatomical terminology?
What is the term for the thumb in anatomical terminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure does not form part of the pelvic girdle?
Which structure does not form part of the pelvic girdle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the tibia in the leg?
What is the primary function of the tibia in the leg?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bone is the longest and strongest in the human body?
Which bone is the longest and strongest in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the fibula in the leg?
What is the primary role of the fibula in the leg?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements correctly describes the bones of the foot?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the bones of the foot?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the pubis specifically structured concerning other bones?
How is the pubis specifically structured concerning other bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structures articulate with the note head of a thoracic vertebra?
Which structures articulate with the note head of a thoracic vertebra?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bones make up the pectoral girdle?
What type of bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint?
What is the primary function of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are the scapulae located in relation to the ribs?
Where are the scapulae located in relation to the ribs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
Which feature of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is formed at the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulna?
What type of joint is formed at the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulna?
Signup and view all the answers
How many separate bones are found in the upper limb?
How many separate bones are found in the upper limb?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the clavicles?
What characterizes the clavicles?
Signup and view all the answers
What do the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus serve as?
What do the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus serve as?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens at the surgical neck of the humerus?
What happens at the surgical neck of the humerus?
Signup and view all the answers
How many bones make up the vertebral column in an adult?
How many bones make up the vertebral column in an adult?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the shape of the cervical and lumbar curvatures in the vertebral column?
What is the shape of the cervical and lumbar curvatures in the vertebral column?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the intervertebral discs?
What is the main function of the intervertebral discs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing hyperextension of the spine?
Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing hyperextension of the spine?
Signup and view all the answers
What comprises the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?
What comprises the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary composition of each intervertebral disc?
What is the primary composition of each intervertebral disc?
Signup and view all the answers
In which regions are the intervertebral discs thickest?
In which regions are the intervertebral discs thickest?
Signup and view all the answers
What passageway is formed by the vertebral arches and bodies of the vertebrae?
What passageway is formed by the vertebral arches and bodies of the vertebrae?
Signup and view all the answers
What unique feature distinguishes the atlas from other cervical vertebrae?
What unique feature distinguishes the atlas from other cervical vertebrae?
Signup and view all the answers
How are the thoracic vertebrae characterized in relation to the ribs?
How are the thoracic vertebrae characterized in relation to the ribs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the shape of the vertebral foramen in lumbar vertebrae?
What is the shape of the vertebral foramen in lumbar vertebrae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following processes is associated with each vertebral arch?
Which of the following processes is associated with each vertebral arch?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the lumbar vertebrae?
What is the primary function of the lumbar vertebrae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bones make up the sternum?
Which bones make up the sternum?
Signup and view all the answers
What feature is associated with sacral vertebrae as they fuse in adolescents?
What feature is associated with sacral vertebrae as they fuse in adolescents?
Signup and view all the answers
What are true ribs defined by?
What are true ribs defined by?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process of the vertebral column allows for the rotation of the head?
Which process of the vertebral column allows for the rotation of the head?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of processes are present on thoracic vertebrae for rib articulation?
What type of processes are present on thoracic vertebrae for rib articulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for holding up the thoracic cage?
Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for holding up the thoracic cage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the coccygeal vertebrae?
What is the primary role of the coccygeal vertebrae?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure does the jugular notch represent?
What structure does the jugular notch represent?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Vertebral Column
- 33 bones, 24 remain separate, the remaining 9 fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx
- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 3/4 coccygeal vertebrae
- Vertebral column is approximately 70 cm long in adults of average height
- It provides support, protects the spinal cord, and functions as an anchor for muscles and ligaments
- Vertebral column has a natural curvature for flexibility and resilience: Cervical and lumbar are concave, thoracic and sacral are convex
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
- There are abnormal spinal curvatures (Fig. 7-18)
Supporting Elements of Vertebral Column
- Ligaments: Strap-like, major supporting ligaments are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
- Intervertebral Discs: Act as shock absorbers, make up 25% of vertebral column length
- Each disc has a nucleus pulposus in the center and an annulus fibrosus around the periphery
- Discs are thickest in the lumbar and cervical regions, allowing for more flexibility
A Typical Vertebra
- Vertebrae get larger as you descend the column
- Each vertebrae consists of a weight-bearing body and a vertebral arch
- The vertebral arch is composed of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae
- The arch and body enclose the vertebral foramen which forms the vertebral canal, where the spinal cord passes through
- Pedicles have notches on superior and inferior surfaces, creating intervertebral foramina where spinal nerves pass through
- Seven processes extend from each vertebral arch
Cervical Vertebrae
- Vertebrae #1 and #2 have unique structures and no intervertebral discs
- Vertebrae #3-7 are considered typical
- The transverse process in C3-C7 contains a transverse foramen for passage of the vertebral artery to the brain
Cervical Vertebrae #1 (Atlas)
- Does not have a body or a spinous process
- Has posterior and anterior neural arches.
- Has lateral masses with superior and inferior articular facets
- Articulation of superior articular facets with occipital condyles allows for "yes" movement
Cervical Vertebrae #2 (Axis)
- Has a dens or odontoid process, which acts as a pivot, allowing for "no" movement
- The dens is a “missing” body from the atlas
Thoracic Vertebrae
- There are 12 thoracic vertebrae
- All have ribs attached
- They increase in size from the first to the last
- They have facets where ribs articulate
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Located in the lower back, bear the most weight
- Their bodies are kidney shaped and increase in size from top to bottom
- Have specific orientation of inferior and superior facets, curved for support
Sacral Vertebrae
- Starts as 5 separate vertebrae which fuse in adolescence to form the sacrum
- Articulates with the 5th lumbar and laterally with the hip bones (sacroiliac joint)
Coccygeal Vertebrae
- Also known as the tailbone, consists of 3 to 4 fused vertebrae
- Not very useful, but provides attachment for some pelvic ligaments
Bony Thorax
- Made up of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
- Acts as a protective cage for heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
- Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
- Provides area for muscle attachment for back, chest, and shoulders
Sternum
- Located on anterior midline of thorax
- Composed of 3 bones which fuse: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
- The manubrium articulates with clavicles and the first pair of ribs
- The body articulates with the 2nd-7th ribs
- The xiphoid process is the attachment site for some abdominal muscles
Ribs
- 12 ribs per side, all attach to vertebral column at the back
- Curve inferiorly and anteriorly
- 7 true ribs attach directly to sternum, the rest are false ribs
- Ribs 8-10 attach to sternum indirectly via costal cartilages and rib 7
- Ribs 11 and 12 are not attached anteriorly, are floating ribs
- Each rib has a shaft, head, neck, and tubercle
- The costal groove carries blood vessels and nerves
Appendicular Skeleton
- Includes pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs
- Pectoral girdle is formed by clavicles and scapulae, allowing for nearly complete circle around the upper trunk to make up the shoulders
Clavicles
- Also known as collarbones
- Are mildly S-shaped, attach to muscles and brace the arms laterally
- Their curvature helps prevent fractures from occurring near the subclavian artery
Scapulae
- Also known as shoulder blades
- Are thin, triangular flat bones located dorsally between ribs 2 and 7
- Articulate with acromial end of clavicle and provides attachment for biceps muscle
Upper Limb
- 30 bones: arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
Humerus
- Longest bone of upper limb, only bone of the arm
- Articulates with scapula proximally and radius and ulna distally
- Has a head, anatomical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus, surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyles, and trochlea and capitulum
Forearm
- Contains 2 parallel long bones: radius and ulna
- Articulates with humerus and wrist bones, and also with each other at proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints
- Interosseous membrane connects the two bones and provides surface for muscle attachment
Ulna
- Slightly longer than radius
- Contains the olecranon and coronoid process, radial notch, and styloid process
Radius
- Head is at the proximal end, distal end is wider
- Distal end has medial ulnar notch and lateral styloid process
Hand
- 27 bones in total
- Includes bones of the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges
Carpus (Wrist)
- 8 carpals
- Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with radius
Metacarpus
- 5 long bones, distal ends form knuckles
- Numbered 1-5 from thumb to pinky finger
- Articulate with wrist bones
Phalanges
- 3 per finger (except thumb which has 2)
- Numbered 1-5 from thumb to pinky finger
- Proximal, middle, and distal in each finger, except thumb which has only proximal and distal
Pelvic Girdle
- Connects lower limbs, transmits weight of upper body
- Forms a complete circle
- Left and right hip bones (coxal bones) unite anteriorly
- Each hip bone is composed of 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
- Acetabulum is the area where all 3 bones join and forms the socket for the hip joint
Ilium
- Large flaring bone that forms most of the os coxa
- Has the iliac crest, iliac spines, and the pelvic brim
Ischium
- Posteroinferior part of hip bone
- Has a body that joins the ilium, and a thinner inferior ramus
Pubis
- Anterior part of the os coxa
- Two pubic bones unite at the pubic symphysis
- Has a pubic crest and an obturator foramen
Lower Limb
- Includes the thigh, leg, and foot
Thigh
- Femur is the largest, longest, and strongest bone
- Articulates with acetabulum of pelvic girdle and with tibia and patella
- Features include: head, fovea capitis, neck, linea aspera, lateral and medial condyles, lateral and medial epicondyles, and patellar surface
Leg
- Consists of two bones: tibia and fibula, connected by an interosseous membrane and proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
- Tibia is larger, strong, and serves to transfer weight to the foot
- Fibula does not participate in the knee joint
Foot
- 26 bones in total: tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
Tarsus
- 7 tarsal bones: calcaneus (heel) and talus (ankle joint)
Metatarsus
- 5 small long bones, numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral
Phalanges
- Big toe has 2, other toes have 3 (proximal, middle, and distal)
- **
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and function of the vertebral column, including its structure, supporting elements, and the significance of abnormalities like spinal curvatures. Test your knowledge on the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and ligaments that make up this crucial part of the human body.
