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Human Axial Skeleton and Spinal Column
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Human Axial Skeleton and Spinal Column

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the entire height of the vertebral column do intervertebral disks constitute?

  • 60-70%
  • 40-50%
  • 10-20%
  • 20-33% (correct)
  • What role do intervertebral disks play in the vertebral column?

  • To absorb compression and bending loads
  • To bear and distribute loads and restrain excessive motion (correct)
  • To provide structural support
  • To provide lubrication to the joints
  • What percentage of the total disc area does the nucleus pulposus occupy in cross-section?

  • 10-20%
  • 30-50% (correct)
  • 60-70%
  • 80-90%
  • What is the characteristic of the nucleus pulposus that makes it expand outwardly under pressure?

    <p>Its high water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of loads is the annulus fibrosus particularly suited to resist?

    <p>Torsional loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the posterior laminallae of the annulus fibrosus thinner than the anterior laminallae?

    <p>Due to the posterior location of the nucleus pulposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage makes up the cartilaginous end plates?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the posterior location of the nucleus pulposus in adult disks?

    <p>Predisposition to posterior disk herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral bodies in the vertebral column?

    <p>To bear mainly compressive loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickness of the intervertebral disk in the lumbar region?

    <p>9 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of the thickness to the height of the vertebra in the cervical region?

    <p>2/5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the vertebral column?

    <p>Motion Segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region being thicker and wider?

    <p>To sustain the larger loads to which the lumbar spine is subjected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanical and functional importance of the intervertebral disc?

    <p>It bears and distributes loads and restrains excessive motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

    <p>To transfer loads from the head and trunk to the pelvis and protect the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of trabecular bone within the vertebral bodies?

    <p>Aligned with the trajectories of stress in three orientations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the motion segment that consists of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc?

    <p>Anterior portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the facets on the vertebrae?

    <p>To form the intervertebral joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae make up the human spinal column?

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the functional unit of the spine?

    <p>Motion segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the vertebral body that fails first under excessive loading?

    <p>Cancellous bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the trabecular arrangement within the vertebral bodies?

    <p>One vertical and two oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of loads on the spine can intra-abdominal pressure reduce?

    <p>40 %</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of maintaining the natural curves in the back while lifting?

    <p>It provides strength and support for the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of tightening abdominal muscles before lifting an object?

    <p>It helps to reduce the load on the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to test the weight of an object before lifting it?

    <p>To plan ahead and avoid overexertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of keeping objects close to the body while lifting?

    <p>It reduces the load on the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to pivot with the feet instead of twisting the spine while lifting?

    <p>To reduce the load on the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using a cart for heavy items?

    <p>It reduces the load on the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the compressive loads at the L3L4 motion segments during normal walking?

    <p>They increase with walking speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the disc in the motion segment?

    <p>To store energy and distribute loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate pressure in a disc loaded in compression?

    <p>1.5 times the externally applied load per unit area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress is primarily produced in the disc during rotation?

    <p>Shear stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanical factor that favours herniated disc?

    <p>Preexisting disc degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the compressive load do the facets carry when the person is in the upright standing posture?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the load-sharing between the facets and the disc when the spine is in flexion?

    <p>The proportion of the total load shared by the disc increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the postural muscles during standing?

    <p>To provide constant active support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the anterior shear load on the spine in torsion carried by the facets?

    <p>More than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

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