Human Axial Skeleton and Spinal Column

What percentage of the entire height of the vertebral column do intervertebral disks constitute?

What role do intervertebral disks play in the vertebral column?

What percentage of the total disc area does the nucleus pulposus occupy in cross-section?

What is the characteristic of the nucleus pulposus that makes it expand outwardly under pressure?

What type of loads is the annulus fibrosus particularly suited to resist?

Why are the posterior laminallae of the annulus fibrosus thinner than the anterior laminallae?

What type of cartilage makes up the cartilaginous end plates?

What is the consequence of the posterior location of the nucleus pulposus in adult disks?

What is the primary function of the vertebral bodies in the vertebral column?

What is the thickness of the intervertebral disk in the lumbar region?

What is the ratio of the thickness to the height of the vertebra in the cervical region?

What is the functional unit of the vertebral column?

What is the main reason for the vertebral bodies in the lumbar region being thicker and wider?

What is the mechanical and functional importance of the intervertebral disc?

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

What is the arrangement of trabecular bone within the vertebral bodies?

What is the component of the motion segment that consists of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc?

What is the purpose of the facets on the vertebrae?

How many vertebrae make up the human spinal column?

What is the term for the functional unit of the spine?

What is the component of the vertebral body that fails first under excessive loading?

What is the orientation of the trabecular arrangement within the vertebral bodies?

What percentage of loads on the spine can intra-abdominal pressure reduce?

What is the importance of maintaining the natural curves in the back while lifting?

What is the advantage of tightening abdominal muscles before lifting an object?

Why is it important to test the weight of an object before lifting it?

What is the advantage of keeping objects close to the body while lifting?

Why is it recommended to pivot with the feet instead of twisting the spine while lifting?

What is the advantage of using a cart for heavy items?

What happens to the compressive loads at the L3L4 motion segments during normal walking?

What is the primary function of the disc in the motion segment?

What is the approximate pressure in a disc loaded in compression?

What type of stress is primarily produced in the disc during rotation?

What is a mechanical factor that favours herniated disc?

What percentage of the compressive load do the facets carry when the person is in the upright standing posture?

What happens to the load-sharing between the facets and the disc when the spine is in flexion?

What is the primary role of the postural muscles during standing?

What is the approximate percentage of the anterior shear load on the spine in torsion carried by the facets?