Vascular Events and Hemodynamics in Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What causes excessive outward flow of fluid into the interstitial compartment during inflammation?

  • Increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Decreased intravascular colloid osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Decreased venular permeability

Which process is responsible for the initial escape of leukocytes from the blood vessel during acute inflammation?

  • Diapedesis (correct)
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Vasodilatation

What is the primary cause of hyperemia observed during acute inflammation?

  • Vasodilatation of arterioles (correct)
  • Decreased interstitial fluid pressure
  • Increase in blood viscosity
  • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Which of the following correctly describes the term 'exudative edema'?

<p>Fluid leakage related to increased venular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurs last during the cellular phase of inflammation?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play in the inflammatory response?

<p>They provide the first line of defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the rolling of white blood cells along the vessel wall during the inflammatory process?

<p>Activation of adhesion molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes increases in venular permeability during inflammation?

<p>It enhances the movement of leukocytes into tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate vascular response following tissue injury?

<p>Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes redness and warmth at the site of acute inflammation?

<p>Progressive vasodilatation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for swelling at the local site of acute inflammation?

<p>Local hydrostatic pressure increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon follows stasis during the inflammatory response?

<p>Leucocytic margination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes Starling's hypothesis regarding fluid balance?

<p>Opposing forces include hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of persistent vasodilatation following an injury?

<p>Increased vascular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT involved in the outward movement of fluid from the microcirculation?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the early inflammatory response, what is the typical duration of arteriolar vasoconstriction?

<p>3 to 5 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial process that leads to the migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation?

<p>Margination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the adhesion phase of leukocyte migration?

<p>Leukocytes form transient bonds with the endothelial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the 'cell-eating' process performed by certain immune cells?

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phagocytic cell is referred to as a Microphage?

<p>Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of phagocytosis?

<p>Recognition and attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of phagocytosis involves the formation of a phagolysosome?

<p>Phagolysosome formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the process of opsonization?

<p>Tagging of microbes for phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the rolling phase of leukocyte migration?

<p>Leukocytes roll slowly over the endothelial cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vasodilatation

The initial stage of the inflammatory response where the diameter of tiny blood vessels in the damaged tissue increases.

Edema

Increased fluid accumulation outside of blood vessels due to changes in pressure and permeability.

Vasoconstriction

The body's initial response to injury, where blood vessels constrict briefly to minimize bleeding.

Hydrostatic pressure

The force that pushes fluid out of blood vessels.

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Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

The force that pulls fluid back into blood vessels.

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Starling's hypothesis

A principle that explains how fluid moves between blood vessels and tissues based on pressure and concentration.

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Leucocytic margination

The process where white blood cells gather along the inner lining of blood vessels.

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Emigration

The movement of white blood cells through the blood vessel wall into the tissue.

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Fluid Movement in Circulation

The movement of interstitial fluid back into circulation, driven by pressure gradients. Higher osmotic pressure within blood vessels pulls fluid in, while higher interstitial hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out.

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Exudative Edema

During inflammation, blood vessels become leaky, allowing fluid and cells to escape. This results in swelling, known as edema.

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Vascular Events in Inflammation

The first stage of inflammation involves changes in blood vessels, leading to redness, swelling, and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.

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Margination

White blood cells move to the edges of blood vessels, lining up along the vessel wall.

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Rolling

White blood cells roll along the vessel wall, making contact with the endothelial lining.

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Adhesion

White blood cells firmly attach to the vessel wall, preparing to exit the blood vessel.

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Diapedesis

White blood cells squeeze through gaps in the vessel wall to reach the inflamed tissue.

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Chemotaxis

Chemical signals attract white blood cells to the site of inflammation, guiding them to the injury.

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What is phagocytosis?

A process involving the engulfment of solid particles by cells, essentially 'cell-eating.'

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What are phagocytes?

Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying harmful substances like bacteria and debris.

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What is recognition and attachment in phagocytosis?

The first step in phagocytosis where a phagocyte recognizes and attaches to a target particle, often aided by opsonins.

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What is engulfment in phagocytosis?

The process where a phagocyte wraps its membrane around the target particle, enclosing it within a pouch called a phagosome.

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What is killing and degradation in phagocytosis?

The final stage of phagocytosis where the phagosome merges with lysosomes, releasing enzymes that break down the engulfed particle.

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What is a polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)?

A type of phagocytic white blood cell (WBC) that is abundant in the blood, also known as a microphage.

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What is a circulating monocyte?

A type of phagocytic white blood cell (WBC) that is derived from monocytes, often found in tissues, also known as a macrophage.

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What is margination?

A process where white blood cells (WBCs) move from the central blood flow to the vessel wall, getting closer to the site of injury.

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Study Notes

Vascular Events

  • Alterations in the microvasculature (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) are the first responses to tissue injury.
  • These alterations involve:
    • Hemodynamic changes
    • Changes in vascular permeability

Hemodynamic Changes

  • The earliest signs of an inflammatory response stem from changes in blood flow and the size of small blood vessels in injured tissue.
  • Examples include:
    • Vasoconstriction of arterioles: The immediate vascular response, regardless of injury type, is a temporary narrowing of arterioles. Blood flow often returns within 3-5 seconds, but with more significant injury, vasoconstriction can last up to 5 minutes.
    • Persistent progressive vasodilation: Primarily affecting arterioles, but also venules and capillaries, this change is noticeable within half an hour of injury. The increased blood volume results in redness and warmth at the inflamed site.
    • Local hydrostatic pressure: The progressive vasodilation elevates local hydrostatic pressure, causing fluid to leak into the extracellular space, which is responsible for the swelling characteristic of acute inflammation.

Changes in Vascular Permeability

  • Fluid accumulation (edema) forms in the interstitial space surrounding inflamed tissues, arising from blood plasma leakage through the endothelial walls of the microvasculature.
  • In the early stages, this leakage is due to vasodilation and increased hydrostatic pressure.
  • Increased vascular permeability is explained by Starling's hypothesis. Normal fluid balance is maintained by opposing forces within the capillaries.
    • Forces pushing fluid out of the vessels: intravascular hydrostatic pressure, and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure.
    • Forces drawing fluid into the vessels: intravascular colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
  • In inflamed tissue, the endothelial lining becomes more permeable, decreasing intravascular colloid osmotic pressure and increasing interstitial fluid osmotic pressure. This leads to a higher outward fluid flow into the interstitial space which results in exudative inflammatory edema.

Cellular Events

  • The cellular phase of inflammation includes these two processes:
    • Exudation of leukocytes
    • Phagocytosis

Exudation of Leukocytes

  • The most critical aspect of the inflammatory response is the migration of leukocytes from the microvasculature to the interstitial tissue.
  • This involves several steps:
    • Margination: The leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, move to the vessel wall.
    • Rolling and adhesion: They adhere to the endothelial cells, rolling along the walls.
    • Emigration (diapedesis): They penetrate the vessel wall and enter the interstitial space using pseudopods.

Phagocytosis

  • Phagocytosis is the process of cell engulfment of solid particles (cell-eating).
  • Phagocytes perform this function:
    • 2 main types:
      • Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) commonly called microphages.
      • Circulating monocytes, commonly called macrophages.
    • 3 main steps in phagocytosis
      • Recognition and attachment of the particle
      • Engulfment of the particle
      • Killing and degradation of the particle.

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Acute Inflammation: Vascular and Cellular Events PDF

Description

This quiz delves into the vascular alterations that occur during tissue injury, focusing on hemodynamic changes and vascular permeability. It covers the immediate and progressive responses of arterioles, capillaries, and venules in inflammatory processes. Test your understanding of these critical physiological mechanisms in inflammation.

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