CV Risk Assessment: Atherosclerosis Overview

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What is the primary method used in Canada to identify patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?

Polygenic risk score

Reynold’s risk score

Lipoprotein(a) levels

Framingham risk score (correct)

Which factor is measured by C reactive protein (CRP) as mentioned in the text?

Inflammation (correct)

Socioeconomic status

Psychosocial stress

Sedentarism

For individuals with systemic inflammation but normal cholesterol, what type of therapy has shown benefits in reducing cardiovascular events?

Psychosocial therapy

Socioeconomic therapy

Statins (correct)

Lipoprotein(a) therapy

What is the recommended action for patients identified with a Framingham risk score above 20% in Canada?

High-risk preventive measures Signup and view all the answers

How is socioeconomic status typically measured in the context of assessing cardiovascular risk?

By education and occupation Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in the renal circulatory territory?

Ischemic nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

What shift in risk factor patterns has led to 80% of deaths due to cardiovascular disease now being in low and middle-income countries?

Rise in traditional risk factors prevalence Signup and view all the answers

According to the Interheart Study, how many risk factors explain 90% of the risk for a first myocardial infarction?

9 Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in the cerebral circulatory territory?

Transient ischemic attack Signup and view all the answers

What was a limitation of the Framingham Heart Study in identifying risk factors for atherosclerotic disease?

Inclusion of only Caucasion participants Signup and view all the answers

What issue might lead to seeing this page while browsing a secure website?

Mistakenly bookmarking the web login form instead of the desired website Signup and view all the answers

Why might this page be presented instead of the desired website?

As a security measure Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of not addressing the issue that causes this page to appear?

Errors on certain browsers Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue could arise if this page is ignored and not addressed?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

Why might a user see this page while browsing a secure website?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for misinterpreting maternal signs and symptoms during pregnancy?

Growing pregnancy mass effect Signup and view all the answers

Why is knowledge of normal physiology in pregnancy important according to the text?

To identify abnormal signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which group of Indigenous peoples is acknowledged for the land where the gathering takes place?

Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the mention of Dr. Christopher Ng being the Co-lead of Week 61?

The involvement in a specific educational period Signup and view all the answers

Why might maternal signs and symptoms be mistakenly treated as pathology?

Misinterpretation due to a growing pregnancy mass effect Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the objectives mentioned pertaining to pregnancy physiology?

Defining gestational hypertension Signup and view all the answers

How are physiologic changes unique to pregnancy addressed according to the text?

Using a systems-based approach Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system experiences anatomic and functional changes during pregnancy according to the text?

Endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

'Why should you care?' according to the text refers to which concept?

'Identifying abnormal signs and symptoms' Signup and view all the answers

What role do chylomicrons play in liver metabolism?

Transport cholesterol out of the liver Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver handle triglycerides in metabolism?

Metabolizes them for energy production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the liver?

Export cholesterol to tissues Signup and view all the answers

How is ammonia detoxified in the liver?

Converted to urea in the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of impaired excretion of bilirubin from the liver?

Elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Why is conjugation of bilirubin important for liver function?

To make bilirubin water soluble for excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein is responsible for exporting triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to tissues?

VLDL Signup and view all the answers

Where does the oxidation of fatty acids primarily occur for energy production?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

How do high density lipoproteins (HDL) contribute to liver metabolism?

Transport cholesterol to the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile salts derived from cholesterol?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile produced by the liver?

Aid in emulsification and absorption of fats Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of excretion for bilirubin once it has been processed in the liver?

Feces Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to tissues after being generated in the intestine?

Chylomicrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the liver in metabolizing ammonia and bilirubin?

Converting ammonia to urea for excretion Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver contribute to the breakdown of triglycerides during metabolic processes?

Production of ketone bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bile in relation to lipid digestion and absorption?

Emulsifying fats to aid in digestion Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would lactic acidosis most likely occur due to liver dysfunction?

Reduced gluconeogenesis capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic function does the liver NOT directly perform?

Hemoglobin synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of the liver's inability to metabolize bilirubin effectively?

Jaundice due to bilirubin accumulation Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is NOT synthesized by the liver as part of its plasma protein production?

Immunoglobulins Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver contribute to maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations when glucose levels are low?

Converts glycogen back to glucose through glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile salts in the body?

Solubilize excreted lipids in bile and dietary lipids in the small intestines Signup and view all the answers

How does the small intestine contribute to the reabsorption of bile salts?

By reabsorbing bile salts in the terminal ileum Signup and view all the answers

What role do glucuronic acid residues play in the metabolism of bilirubin?

Converting bilirubin into urobilinogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major function of bile produced by the liver?

Digestion of fats Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver eliminate metabolic waste?

As feces and urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bile canaliculi in the metabolism process?

They receive bile from hepatocytes for drainage Signup and view all the answers

How are bile salts recycled in the body for further use?

By recycling them back to the liver from the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

In what form does bilirubin get eliminated from the body?

Converted into urobilinogens and excreted as feces and urine Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is liver-specific and serves as a marker of hepatocellular injury?

ALT Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is found in many tissues but is primarily located in the liver, biliary tree, and bone?

ALP Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme confirms that elevated ALP levels are from the liver or biliary tree, and not from other sources like bone?

GGT Signup and view all the answers

Which markers are indicators of cholestasis, signifying damage to the biliary tree?

GGT and ALP Signup and view all the answers

Which liver function marker measures the liver's ability to produce proteins?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

In which condition can portal hypertension cause splenomegaly leading to low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)?

Portal hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a role in regulating enzyme expression and activity in the liver?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

In systemic catabolic states, what do hepatocytes release into the systemic circulation?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers