CV Risk Assessment: Atherosclerosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method used in Canada to identify patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?

  • Polygenic risk score
  • Reynold’s risk score
  • Lipoprotein(a) levels
  • Framingham risk score (correct)

    • Which factor is measured by C reactive protein (CRP) as mentioned in the text?

  • Inflammation (correct)
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Psychosocial stress
  • Sedentarism

    • For individuals with systemic inflammation but normal cholesterol, what type of therapy has shown benefits in reducing cardiovascular events?

  • Psychosocial therapy
  • Socioeconomic therapy
  • Statins (correct)
  • Lipoprotein(a) therapy

    • What is the recommended action for patients identified with a Framingham risk score above 20% in Canada?

    <p>High-risk preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is socioeconomic status typically measured in the context of assessing cardiovascular risk?

    <p>By education and occupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in the renal circulatory territory?

    <p>Ischemic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shift in risk factor patterns has led to 80% of deaths due to cardiovascular disease now being in low and middle-income countries?

    <p>Rise in traditional risk factors prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Interheart Study, how many risk factors explain 90% of the risk for a first myocardial infarction?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in the cerebral circulatory territory?

    <p>Transient ischemic attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a limitation of the Framingham Heart Study in identifying risk factors for atherosclerotic disease?

    <p>Inclusion of only Caucasion participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue might lead to seeing this page while browsing a secure website?

    <p>Mistakenly bookmarking the web login form instead of the desired website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might this page be presented instead of the desired website?

    <p>As a security measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of not addressing the issue that causes this page to appear?

    <p>Errors on certain browsers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue could arise if this page is ignored and not addressed?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a user see this page while browsing a secure website?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for misinterpreting maternal signs and symptoms during pregnancy?

    <p>Growing pregnancy mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is knowledge of normal physiology in pregnancy important according to the text?

    <p>To identify abnormal signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Indigenous peoples is acknowledged for the land where the gathering takes place?

    <p>Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized by the mention of Dr. Christopher Ng being the Co-lead of Week 61?

    <p>The involvement in a specific educational period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might maternal signs and symptoms be mistakenly treated as pathology?

    <p>Misinterpretation due to a growing pregnancy mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the objectives mentioned pertaining to pregnancy physiology?

    <p>Defining gestational hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are physiologic changes unique to pregnancy addressed according to the text?

    <p>Using a systems-based approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system experiences anatomic and functional changes during pregnancy according to the text?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Why should you care?' according to the text refers to which concept?

    <p>'Identifying abnormal signs and symptoms'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chylomicrons play in liver metabolism?

    <p>Transport cholesterol out of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver handle triglycerides in metabolism?

    <p>Metabolizes them for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the liver?

    <p>Export cholesterol to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ammonia detoxified in the liver?

    <p>Converted to urea in the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of impaired excretion of bilirubin from the liver?

    <p>Elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is conjugation of bilirubin important for liver function?

    <p>To make bilirubin water soluble for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein is responsible for exporting triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to tissues?

    <p>VLDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the oxidation of fatty acids primarily occur for energy production?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high density lipoproteins (HDL) contribute to liver metabolism?

    <p>Transport cholesterol to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile salts derived from cholesterol?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile produced by the liver?

    <p>Aid in emulsification and absorption of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of excretion for bilirubin once it has been processed in the liver?

    <p>Feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to tissues after being generated in the intestine?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in metabolizing ammonia and bilirubin?

    <p>Converting ammonia to urea for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver contribute to the breakdown of triglycerides during metabolic processes?

    <p>Production of ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile in relation to lipid digestion and absorption?

    <p>Emulsifying fats to aid in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would lactic acidosis most likely occur due to liver dysfunction?

    <p>Reduced gluconeogenesis capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic function does the liver NOT directly perform?

    <p>Hemoglobin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the liver's inability to metabolize bilirubin effectively?

    <p>Jaundice due to bilirubin accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT synthesized by the liver as part of its plasma protein production?

    <p>Immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver contribute to maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations when glucose levels are low?

    <p>Converts glycogen back to glucose through glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile salts in the body?

    <p>Solubilize excreted lipids in bile and dietary lipids in the small intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the small intestine contribute to the reabsorption of bile salts?

    <p>By reabsorbing bile salts in the terminal ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do glucuronic acid residues play in the metabolism of bilirubin?

    <p>Converting bilirubin into urobilinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major function of bile produced by the liver?

    <p>Digestion of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver eliminate metabolic waste?

    <p>As feces and urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of bile canaliculi in the metabolism process?

    <p>They receive bile from hepatocytes for drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bile salts recycled in the body for further use?

    <p>By recycling them back to the liver from the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form does bilirubin get eliminated from the body?

    <p>Converted into urobilinogens and excreted as feces and urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is liver-specific and serves as a marker of hepatocellular injury?

    <p>ALT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is found in many tissues but is primarily located in the liver, biliary tree, and bone?

    <p>ALP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme confirms that elevated ALP levels are from the liver or biliary tree, and not from other sources like bone?

    <p>GGT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which markers are indicators of cholestasis, signifying damage to the biliary tree?

    <p>GGT and ALP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which liver function marker measures the liver's ability to produce proteins?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition can portal hypertension cause splenomegaly leading to low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)?

    <p>Portal hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a role in regulating enzyme expression and activity in the liver?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In systemic catabolic states, what do hepatocytes release into the systemic circulation?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

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