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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
Which characteristic is true about the bronchial structure?
Which characteristic is true about the bronchial structure?
What happens to airway resistance during an asthma attack?
What happens to airway resistance during an asthma attack?
What role does the diaphragm play during the respiratory process?
What role does the diaphragm play during the respiratory process?
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What is a characteristic of the respiratory epithelium found in the conducting zone?
What is a characteristic of the respiratory epithelium found in the conducting zone?
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What type of cells in the respiratory epithelium of the pharynx secrete mucus?
What type of cells in the respiratory epithelium of the pharynx secrete mucus?
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Which structure serves as the pathway for both air and food?
Which structure serves as the pathway for both air and food?
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What is the primary function of seromucous glands in the lamina propria of the pharynx?
What is the primary function of seromucous glands in the lamina propria of the pharynx?
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Which area of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?
Which area of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?
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What do blood vessels in the lamina propria primarily do in the pharynx?
What do blood vessels in the lamina propria primarily do in the pharynx?
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Which of the following prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
Which of the following prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
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What is the role of sensory cells in the pharynx?
What is the role of sensory cells in the pharynx?
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Which part of the pharynx connects directly to the larynx?
Which part of the pharynx connects directly to the larynx?
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What is a dominant characteristic of respiratory epithelium in the pharynx?
What is a dominant characteristic of respiratory epithelium in the pharynx?
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In terms of structure, what type of tissue primarily makes up the walls of the pharynx?
In terms of structure, what type of tissue primarily makes up the walls of the pharynx?
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Which part of the nasal anatomy is primarily responsible for receiving and conditioning air?
Which part of the nasal anatomy is primarily responsible for receiving and conditioning air?
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What is the main function of turbinates in the upper respiratory tract?
What is the main function of turbinates in the upper respiratory tract?
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Which structure is included in the upper respiratory tract?
Which structure is included in the upper respiratory tract?
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What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
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Which part of the pharynx is directly involved in the respiratory system?
Which part of the pharynx is directly involved in the respiratory system?
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What is the primary role of goblet cells in the nasal mucosa?
What is the primary role of goblet cells in the nasal mucosa?
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Where do the vocal cords reside within the larynx?
Where do the vocal cords reside within the larynx?
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What is the main purpose of the nasal vestibule?
What is the main purpose of the nasal vestibule?
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What part of the respiratory system begins at the level of the glottis?
What part of the respiratory system begins at the level of the glottis?
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What anatomical feature aids in the filtration of air as it passes through the nasal passages?
What anatomical feature aids in the filtration of air as it passes through the nasal passages?
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The larynx functions in which of the following ways?
The larynx functions in which of the following ways?
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What structure is not found in the upper respiratory tract?
What structure is not found in the upper respiratory tract?
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Which area is associated with the inhalation of air but lacks olfactory receptors?
Which area is associated with the inhalation of air but lacks olfactory receptors?
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Which epithelium type assists in the movement of mucus in the respiratory system?
Which epithelium type assists in the movement of mucus in the respiratory system?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Includes nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx (up to the glottis)
Nasal Passages
- Nasal vestibule: lined with skin and hair (vibrissae)
-
Nasal cavities: lined with respiratory epithelium
- Roof: olfactory epithelium
- Lateral walls: respiratory epithelium
-
Turbinates: boney projections that slow down airflow, enabling air conditioning and filtering
- Goblet cells: secrete mucus
- Ciliated columnar cells: move mucus
- Nasal mucosa: mucous membrane under the microscope
- Seromucous glands: in lamina propria (beneath epithelium)
- Blood vessels: in lamina propria to warm the air
Pharynx
- Nasopharynx: behind the nasal cavity
- Oropharynx: behind the mouth
- Laryngopharynx: connects to the larynx
Larynx
- Contains the vocal cords (glottis)
- Laryngeal inlet: opening to the larynx
- Cavity of larynx: space within the larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Includes sub-glottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Respiratory Epithelium
-
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: with goblet cells
- Ciliated columnar cells: move mucus
- Goblet cells: secrete mucus
- Sensory cells: responsible for sneezing and coughing
Functional Division of the Respiratory Tract
-
Conducting zone: nose to terminal bronchiole
- No gas exchange: this area is considered "anatomically dead space"
- Airway resistance: primarily occurs in the bronchi
- Asthma: can increase airway resistance
-
Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
- Gas exchange: occurs in the alveoli
- Surfactant: helps reduce surface tension in the alveoli
Bronchi
- Lined with respiratory epithelium
- Has smooth muscle beneath the epithelium
- Has broken cartilage in its walls
- Contains seromucous glands
Bronchioles
- Lumen diameter is approximately 15 ml
Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts, chest wall expands
- Intrapleural pressure decreases further, causing a negative intra-alveolar pressure, leading to inspiration
- Reduced lung expansion: can be caused by positive intrapleural pressure
Key Facts
- The upper respiratory tract ends at the glottis
- Goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells are part of the respiratory epithelium
- The conducting zone is responsible for transporting air, while the respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange
- The bronchi have broken cartilage, while the bronchioles do not.
- The alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the lungs.
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Description
Dive into the anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx. Learn about the structure and functions of key components like the nasal vestibule, turbinates, and the vocal cords. This quiz will test your knowledge of respiratory anatomy and its intricate workings.
