Upper Respiratory Tract Quiz

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What do the paranasal sinuses develop as?

Growth from the forehead

Outgrowths from the nasal cavities (correct)

Branches of the trigeminal nerve

Invaginations from the surrounding bones

What is the characteristic of the mucosa that lines the paranasal sinuses?

Ciliated and mucus secreting (correct)

Squamous and keratinizing

Stratified and non-keratinizing

Cuboidal and non-ciliated

Which nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?

Olfactory nerve

Vagus nerve

Branches of the trigeminal nerve [V] (correct)

Optic nerve

How many frontal sinuses are there in each individual?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of each frontal sinus?

Triangular Signup and view all the answers

Where do the frontal sinuses drain?

Onto the lateral wall of the middle meatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood supply to the frontal sinuses?

Branches of the anterior ethmoidal arteries Signup and view all the answers

What are the ethmoidal cells divided into based on their aperture location?

Anterior, middle, and posterior based on their aperture location Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the muscle fibers of the external intercostal muscles?

Infero-anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

Where do the internal intercostal muscles attach anteriorly?

The sternum Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the external intercostal muscles and the external oblique muscles?

They are continuous inferiorly Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of breathing are the external intercostal muscles most active?

Inspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the muscle fibers of the internal intercostal muscles?

Inferoposteriorly Signup and view all the answers

Where do the internal intercostal muscles attach posteriorly?

The angles of the ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the internal intercostal muscles and the internal oblique muscles?

They are continuous inferiorly Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of breathing are the internal intercostal muscles most active?

Expiration Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is located at the point where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum?

Sternal angle of Louis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sternal angle in clinical practice?

It is a starting point for counting ribs. Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs attach directly to the body of the sternum?

3rd to 7th ribs Signup and view all the answers

Why is the sternum often used for obtaining red bone marrow samples?

It is easily accessible. Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical line passes through the midpoint of the clavicle?

Midclavicular line (MCL) Signup and view all the answers

Which event can occur during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involving the xiphoid process?

It can break and lacerate the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Which line runs vertically along the posterior axillary fold?

Posterior axillary line (PAL) Signup and view all the answers

What structures form the anterior axillary fold?

Pectoralis major from thoracic cage to humerus Signup and view all the answers

What forms the median nasal septum?

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, septal cartilage, and vomer Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is located within the chest cavity?

Lower trachea and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal air cells?

Superior meatus Signup and view all the answers

From where does each half of the nasal cavity extend?

From the nostril to the posterior nasal aperture Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature opens into the inferior meatus?

Nasolacrimal duct Signup and view all the answers

Which bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid, frontal, nasal, and sphenoid bones Signup and view all the answers

Which components are part of the respiratory muscles forming the chest cavity?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

How many paranasal air sinuses are there?

Four Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are identified as accessory muscles of respiration by elevating the ribs during deep and forceful inspiration?

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, inferior part of the serratus anterior Signup and view all the answers

How do the scalene muscles function as accessory respiratory muscles?

By fixing the 1st and 2nd ribs to enable lower rib elevation Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional description of the function of serratus posterior muscles?

As inspiratory muscles increasing the AP diameter of the thorax Signup and view all the answers

What recent studies suggest about the primary function of serratus posterior muscles?

They have a proprioceptive function Signup and view all the answers

What role do the levatores costarum muscles play?

They elevate the ribs but their role in normal inspiration is uncertain Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are described as possibly having a proprioceptive function and being implicated in chronic pain in myofascial pain syndromes?

serratus posterior muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles were traditionally thought to elevate the superior four ribs and increase the thoracic AP diameter?

serratus posterior superior Signup and view all the answers

What evidence contradicts the inspiratory function of serratus posterior muscles?

Electromyography and other evidence Signup and view all the answers