40 Questions
What do the paranasal sinuses develop as?
Outgrowths from the nasal cavities
What is the characteristic of the mucosa that lines the paranasal sinuses?
Ciliated and mucus secreting
Which nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?
Branches of the trigeminal nerve [V]
How many frontal sinuses are there in each individual?
Two
What is the shape of each frontal sinus?
Triangular
Where do the frontal sinuses drain?
Onto the lateral wall of the middle meatus
What is the blood supply to the frontal sinuses?
Branches of the anterior ethmoidal arteries
What are the ethmoidal cells divided into based on their aperture location?
Anterior, middle, and posterior based on their aperture location
What is the direction of the muscle fibers of the external intercostal muscles?
Infero-anteriorly
Where do the internal intercostal muscles attach anteriorly?
The sternum
What is the relationship between the external intercostal muscles and the external oblique muscles?
They are continuous inferiorly
During which phase of breathing are the external intercostal muscles most active?
Inspiration
What is the direction of the muscle fibers of the internal intercostal muscles?
Inferoposteriorly
Where do the internal intercostal muscles attach posteriorly?
The angles of the ribs
What is the relationship between the internal intercostal muscles and the internal oblique muscles?
They are continuous inferiorly
During which phase of breathing are the internal intercostal muscles most active?
Expiration
Which anatomical feature is located at the point where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum?
Sternal angle of Louis
What is the significance of the sternal angle in clinical practice?
It is a starting point for counting ribs.
Which ribs attach directly to the body of the sternum?
3rd to 7th ribs
Why is the sternum often used for obtaining red bone marrow samples?
It is easily accessible.
Which anatomical line passes through the midpoint of the clavicle?
Midclavicular line (MCL)
Which event can occur during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involving the xiphoid process?
It can break and lacerate the liver.
Which line runs vertically along the posterior axillary fold?
Posterior axillary line (PAL)
What structures form the anterior axillary fold?
Pectoralis major from thoracic cage to humerus
What forms the median nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, septal cartilage, and vomer
Which part of the respiratory system is located within the chest cavity?
Lower trachea and lungs
What receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal air cells?
Superior meatus
From where does each half of the nasal cavity extend?
From the nostril to the posterior nasal aperture
Which anatomical feature opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
Which bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid, frontal, nasal, and sphenoid bones
Which components are part of the respiratory muscles forming the chest cavity?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
How many paranasal air sinuses are there?
Four
Which muscles are identified as accessory muscles of respiration by elevating the ribs during deep and forceful inspiration?
pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, inferior part of the serratus anterior
How do the scalene muscles function as accessory respiratory muscles?
By fixing the 1st and 2nd ribs to enable lower rib elevation
What is the traditional description of the function of serratus posterior muscles?
As inspiratory muscles increasing the AP diameter of the thorax
What recent studies suggest about the primary function of serratus posterior muscles?
They have a proprioceptive function
What role do the levatores costarum muscles play?
They elevate the ribs but their role in normal inspiration is uncertain
Which muscles are described as possibly having a proprioceptive function and being implicated in chronic pain in myofascial pain syndromes?
serratus posterior muscles
Which muscles were traditionally thought to elevate the superior four ribs and increase the thoracic AP diameter?
serratus posterior superior
What evidence contradicts the inspiratory function of serratus posterior muscles?
Electromyography and other evidence
Take this quiz to test your knowledge on the upper respiratory tract, including its parts and functions.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
