أسئلة الاولي باثولوجي - ريسب (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential cause of chronic sinusitis?

  • Accumulation of mucous secretions (correct)
  • Excessive nasal hydration
  • Hypotension
  • Frequent use of nasal decongestants

    • Which of the following is associated with recurrent allergic rhinitis?

  • An increase in neutrophils
  • Trauma to the nasal cavity
  • Inflammation from dental infections
  • Large numbers of eosinophils (correct)

    • What characteristic changes can occur due to adenoid hyperplasia in children?

  • Dry nasal passages
  • Increased naso-labial folds
  • Enlargement of nasal turbinates
  • Narrow nasal openings and open mouth (correct)

    • What typically causes acute catarrhal inflammation in the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from a secondary bacterial infection following adenoid hyperplasia?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of acute respiratory infections if the inflammation spreads?

    <p>Can progress to otitis media and bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a local cause of nasal mucosa pathology?

    <p>Tumors (benign or malignant)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary site affected by the infective granuloma caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis?

    <p>Nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur to the mucous membrane in the nose due to granuloma formation?

    <p>Thickened and granular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might lead to hoarseness of voice as a clinical picture?

    <p>Inflammation and edema of the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic condition is a potential general cause of nasal pathology?

    <p>Generalized venous congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammation is indicated by the increased number of neutrophils in secondary bacterial infections?

    <p>Suppurative inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might chronic sinusitis lead to due to the upward direction of drainage?

    <p>Nasal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected clinical manifestation of laryngeal inflammation?

    <p>Hoarseness of voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication associated with nasal deformity from upper respiratory diseases?

    <p>Epistaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer can arise from squamous metaplasia in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Squamous cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of diphtheritic laryngitis?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most susceptible to diphtheritic laryngitis?

    <p>Children aged 2-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is primarily associated with the transmission of diphtheritic laryngitis?

    <p>Droplet infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major complication can arise from diphtheritic laryngitis due to the exotoxin produced?

    <p>Acute heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sinonasal lesion is characterized as being benign and can lead to bone destruction?

    <p>Sinonasal papilloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with Epstein Barr virus?

    <p>Undifferentiated carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with nasopharyngeal fibroma?

    <p>Epistaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological feature of nasopharyngeal fibroma?

    <p>Poorly cellular fibrous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of untreated adenoid hyperplasia in children?

    <p>Narrow nasal openings and open mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a local cause of nasal mucosal pathology?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is specifically characterized by hoarseness of voice due to inflammation of the larynx?

    <p>Tuberculous laryngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence can arise from the accumulation of mucous secretion in the sinuses?

    <p>Secondary bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors could generally affect nasal sinus drainage?

    <p>Generalized venous congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common clinical manifestations associated with chronic sinusitis?

    <p>Nasal obstruction and nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from the spread of a secondary bacterial infection due to nasal obstruction?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible systemic factor that could contribute to nasal pathology?

    <p>Generalized venous congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the destructive infective granuloma caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis?

    <p>Characterized by a thickened granular mucous membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a complication that may arise from nasal obstruction?

    <p>Epistaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of upper respiratory tract diseases, what does Mickulicz cells indicate?

    <p>Hydropic degeneration of macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with squamous metaplasia in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Progression to squamous cell carcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of lower respiratory tract infection can be a direct consequence of upper respiratory tract inflammation spreading?

    <p>Development of bronchopneumonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be an effect of retaining secretions due to altered drainage in chronic sinusitis?

    <p>Increased risk of secondary bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical histological feature associated with chronic inflammation may be observed in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Abundance of eosinophilic bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism primarily causes otitis media from upper respiratory diseases?

    <p>Eustachian tube dysfunction due to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about squamous cell papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma is true?

    <p>Squamous cell papilloma can spontaneously resolve at puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age demographic primarily affected by squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Individuals above 50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the correct etiology related to juvenile papillomatosis.

    <p>Infection with the human papilloma virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In squamous cell carcinoma, the intrinsic type accounts for what percentage of cases?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prognosis of squamous cell papilloma is true?

    <p>It has a poor chance of malignant transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of diphtheritic laryngitis related to its pathology?

    <p>It leads to pseudomembranous inflammation locally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological characteristic helps differentiate between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Presence of keratin pearls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has diphtheritic laryngitis become uncommon in recent years?

    <p>Widespread immunization against diphtheria has been implemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squamous cell carcinoma can arise from which of the following precancerous lesions?

    <p>Leukoplakia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding intrinsic and extrinsic types of squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Extrinsic type has less defined sites of origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication arising from a diphtheritic laryngitis infection?

    <p>Acute heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is specifically categorized under benign lesions in the sinonasal region?

    <p>Osteoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical histological finding in nasopharyngeal fibroma?

    <p>Small vascular spaces in poorly cellular fibrous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized as undifferentiated and associated with viral infection?

    <p>Undifferentiated carcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of nasopharyngeal fibroma?

    <p>Epistaxis (nosebleeds).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tissue does nasopharyngeal fibroma originate from?

    <p>Fibrous tissue of the periosteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases

    • Acute Coryza (Common Cold):
      • Acute catarrhal inflammation caused by rhinovirus.
      • Few neutrophils present.
      • Self-limiting, subsiding after a few days with epithelium regeneration.
      • Secondary bacterial infection can occur, leading to suppurative inflammation (increased neutrophils).
      • Infection can spread to middle ear (otitis media), lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, bronchopneumonia), or maxillary sinus (chronic issues due to drainage).

    Rhinoscleroma

    • Destructive infective granuloma.
    • Caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis.
    • Primary site is the nose.
    • Mucous membrane thicken, becoming granular; progresses to a hard mass filling the nasal cavity.
    • Inflammation can spread to paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, and trachea.
    • Soft tissue destruction but bony structures limit spread.
    • Microscopically (M/E): Surface epithelium shows hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia. Sub epithelial tissue contains Miculicz cells (hydropic macrophages) with large, rounded cells and abundant clear cytoplasm and nuclei. Russell bodies (hyaline plasma cells) may be present.

    Inflammatory Nasal Polyps

    • Finger-like projections from inflamed nasal mucosa.
    • Common in patients with frequent allergic rhinitis and chronic sinus infections.
    • Significant number of eosinophils are present.

    Sinusitis

    • Inflammation of paranasal sinuses.
    • Frequently from nasal cavity extension or dental infections.
    • Drainage obstruction leads to mucus accumulation; causing secondary bacterial infection.

    Nasal Bleeding (Epistaxis)

    • Causes: Trauma, foreign bodies, areas of inflammation, and tumors.

    Adenoids

    • Inflammatory hyperplasia of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue.
    • Mostly commonly affects children.
    • Enlargement causes nasal obstruction, mouth breathing. Neglecting the problem can create specific facial characteristics, known as adenoid facies.
    • Spread to middle ear can lead to otitis media; lower respiratory tract infections.

    Laryngitis

    • Inflammation of the larynx due to viral or bacterial infections or voice overuse/irritation.
    • Inflammation and edema of vocal cords cause voice hoarseness.
    • Types include: tuberculous laryngitis (a complication of tuberculosis) and diphtheritic laryngitis (less common due to widespread immunizations).

    Diphtheria

    • Acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
    • Typically occurs in children (2-5 years) and less often in adults, but can occur in adults.
    • Spread via droplet infection.
    • Pathology: Locally, pseudomembranous inflammation, also affecting distant organs via exotoxins causing degeneration of parenchyma organs. Draining cervical lymph nodes may display hyperplasia.

    Upper Respiratory Tract Tumors

    • Benign tumors (nose and paranasal sinuses)- e.g., sinonasal papilloma, osteoma, chondroma, fibromas, capillary hemangioma.
    • Malignant tumors (nose and paranasal sinuses) - e.g., sinonasal carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma.

    Nasopharyngeal Fibroma

    • Benign tumor; uncommon in male adolescents.
    • Originates from periosteal tissue.
    • Grayish pink, highly vascular mass.
    • Projects into nasopharynx, potentially extending to nasal cavity, cheeks, or orbit.

    Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

    • Malignant tumor, often with keratinizing or non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma elements.
    • Potentially related to Epstein Barr Virus (EBV).

    Laryngeal Tumors

    • Benign: Squamous cell papilloma, juvenile papillomatosis (common in children and recurrent),
    • Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma (the most common malignant).
    • Squamous cell papilloma usually involves the vocal cords, often is a single, small, sessile mass.
    • Juvenile papillomatosis is typically multiple, small, pedunculated lesions, usually outside vocal cords.
    • Carcinoma can be intrinsic (originating within vocal cords) or extrinsic (originating outside).
    • Intrinsic is typically more benign clinically with slow growth and early diagnosis compared with extrinsic lesion(s).
    • Intrinsic tumors usually are more differentiated leading to good prognosis, whereas extrinsic tumors are rapidly growing and poorly differentiated with associated poor prognosis.

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma (larynx)

    • Common tumor of the larynx.
    • Types: Verrucous (uncommon, low-grade, often good prognosis), classic invasive.
    • Verrucous presents superficially invasive and shows relatively good prognosis.
    • Classic invasive type is locally invasive, often with a poor prognosis.
    • Risk factors: chronic irritation and possible role from Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)

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    L1, Resp Pathology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract, including the common cold and rhinoscleroma. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and potential complications of each condition. Test your knowledge on these important respiratory health issues.

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