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What is a potential cause of chronic sinusitis?
What is a potential cause of chronic sinusitis?
Which of the following is associated with recurrent allergic rhinitis?
Which of the following is associated with recurrent allergic rhinitis?
What characteristic changes can occur due to adenoid hyperplasia in children?
What characteristic changes can occur due to adenoid hyperplasia in children?
What typically causes acute catarrhal inflammation in the upper respiratory tract?
What typically causes acute catarrhal inflammation in the upper respiratory tract?
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What complication can arise from a secondary bacterial infection following adenoid hyperplasia?
What complication can arise from a secondary bacterial infection following adenoid hyperplasia?
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What is the fate of acute respiratory infections if the inflammation spreads?
What is the fate of acute respiratory infections if the inflammation spreads?
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Which factor is a local cause of nasal mucosa pathology?
Which factor is a local cause of nasal mucosa pathology?
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Which of the following describes the primary site affected by the infective granuloma caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis?
Which of the following describes the primary site affected by the infective granuloma caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis?
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What changes occur to the mucous membrane in the nose due to granuloma formation?
What changes occur to the mucous membrane in the nose due to granuloma formation?
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What might lead to hoarseness of voice as a clinical picture?
What might lead to hoarseness of voice as a clinical picture?
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Which systemic condition is a potential general cause of nasal pathology?
Which systemic condition is a potential general cause of nasal pathology?
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Which type of inflammation is indicated by the increased number of neutrophils in secondary bacterial infections?
Which type of inflammation is indicated by the increased number of neutrophils in secondary bacterial infections?
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What might chronic sinusitis lead to due to the upward direction of drainage?
What might chronic sinusitis lead to due to the upward direction of drainage?
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What is an expected clinical manifestation of laryngeal inflammation?
What is an expected clinical manifestation of laryngeal inflammation?
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What is a potential complication associated with nasal deformity from upper respiratory diseases?
What is a potential complication associated with nasal deformity from upper respiratory diseases?
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What type of cancer can arise from squamous metaplasia in the nasal cavity?
What type of cancer can arise from squamous metaplasia in the nasal cavity?
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What is the primary cause of diphtheritic laryngitis?
What is the primary cause of diphtheritic laryngitis?
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Which age group is most susceptible to diphtheritic laryngitis?
Which age group is most susceptible to diphtheritic laryngitis?
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What type of infection is primarily associated with the transmission of diphtheritic laryngitis?
What type of infection is primarily associated with the transmission of diphtheritic laryngitis?
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What major complication can arise from diphtheritic laryngitis due to the exotoxin produced?
What major complication can arise from diphtheritic laryngitis due to the exotoxin produced?
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What type of sinonasal lesion is characterized as being benign and can lead to bone destruction?
What type of sinonasal lesion is characterized as being benign and can lead to bone destruction?
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Which type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with Epstein Barr virus?
Which type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with Epstein Barr virus?
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What is a common complication associated with nasopharyngeal fibroma?
What is a common complication associated with nasopharyngeal fibroma?
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What is the histological feature of nasopharyngeal fibroma?
What is the histological feature of nasopharyngeal fibroma?
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What is a likely consequence of untreated adenoid hyperplasia in children?
What is a likely consequence of untreated adenoid hyperplasia in children?
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Which factor is a local cause of nasal mucosal pathology?
Which factor is a local cause of nasal mucosal pathology?
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What condition is specifically characterized by hoarseness of voice due to inflammation of the larynx?
What condition is specifically characterized by hoarseness of voice due to inflammation of the larynx?
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What consequence can arise from the accumulation of mucous secretion in the sinuses?
What consequence can arise from the accumulation of mucous secretion in the sinuses?
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Which of the following factors could generally affect nasal sinus drainage?
Which of the following factors could generally affect nasal sinus drainage?
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What are common clinical manifestations associated with chronic sinusitis?
What are common clinical manifestations associated with chronic sinusitis?
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What complication can arise from the spread of a secondary bacterial infection due to nasal obstruction?
What complication can arise from the spread of a secondary bacterial infection due to nasal obstruction?
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What is a possible systemic factor that could contribute to nasal pathology?
What is a possible systemic factor that could contribute to nasal pathology?
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What is a key characteristic of the destructive infective granuloma caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis?
What is a key characteristic of the destructive infective granuloma caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis?
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Which of the following reflects a complication that may arise from nasal obstruction?
Which of the following reflects a complication that may arise from nasal obstruction?
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In the context of upper respiratory tract diseases, what does Mickulicz cells indicate?
In the context of upper respiratory tract diseases, what does Mickulicz cells indicate?
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What is a significant risk associated with squamous metaplasia in the nasal cavity?
What is a significant risk associated with squamous metaplasia in the nasal cavity?
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Which aspect of lower respiratory tract infection can be a direct consequence of upper respiratory tract inflammation spreading?
Which aspect of lower respiratory tract infection can be a direct consequence of upper respiratory tract inflammation spreading?
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What is likely to be an effect of retaining secretions due to altered drainage in chronic sinusitis?
What is likely to be an effect of retaining secretions due to altered drainage in chronic sinusitis?
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What typical histological feature associated with chronic inflammation may be observed in the nasal cavity?
What typical histological feature associated with chronic inflammation may be observed in the nasal cavity?
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What mechanism primarily causes otitis media from upper respiratory diseases?
What mechanism primarily causes otitis media from upper respiratory diseases?
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Which of the following statements about squamous cell papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma is true?
Which of the following statements about squamous cell papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma is true?
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What is the age demographic primarily affected by squamous cell carcinoma?
What is the age demographic primarily affected by squamous cell carcinoma?
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Identify the correct etiology related to juvenile papillomatosis.
Identify the correct etiology related to juvenile papillomatosis.
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In squamous cell carcinoma, the intrinsic type accounts for what percentage of cases?
In squamous cell carcinoma, the intrinsic type accounts for what percentage of cases?
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Which statement about the prognosis of squamous cell papilloma is true?
Which statement about the prognosis of squamous cell papilloma is true?
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What is a significant feature of diphtheritic laryngitis related to its pathology?
What is a significant feature of diphtheritic laryngitis related to its pathology?
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What histological characteristic helps differentiate between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma?
What histological characteristic helps differentiate between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma?
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Why has diphtheritic laryngitis become uncommon in recent years?
Why has diphtheritic laryngitis become uncommon in recent years?
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Squamous cell carcinoma can arise from which of the following precancerous lesions?
Squamous cell carcinoma can arise from which of the following precancerous lesions?
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Which statement is true regarding intrinsic and extrinsic types of squamous cell carcinoma?
Which statement is true regarding intrinsic and extrinsic types of squamous cell carcinoma?
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What is a common complication arising from a diphtheritic laryngitis infection?
What is a common complication arising from a diphtheritic laryngitis infection?
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Which type of tumor is specifically categorized under benign lesions in the sinonasal region?
Which type of tumor is specifically categorized under benign lesions in the sinonasal region?
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What is a typical histological finding in nasopharyngeal fibroma?
What is a typical histological finding in nasopharyngeal fibroma?
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Which type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized as undifferentiated and associated with viral infection?
Which type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized as undifferentiated and associated with viral infection?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of nasopharyngeal fibroma?
What is a common clinical manifestation of nasopharyngeal fibroma?
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What kind of tissue does nasopharyngeal fibroma originate from?
What kind of tissue does nasopharyngeal fibroma originate from?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
-
Acute Coryza (Common Cold):
- Acute catarrhal inflammation caused by rhinovirus.
- Few neutrophils present.
- Self-limiting, subsiding after a few days with epithelium regeneration.
- Secondary bacterial infection can occur, leading to suppurative inflammation (increased neutrophils).
- Infection can spread to middle ear (otitis media), lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, bronchopneumonia), or maxillary sinus (chronic issues due to drainage).
Rhinoscleroma
- Destructive infective granuloma.
- Caused by Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis.
- Primary site is the nose.
- Mucous membrane thicken, becoming granular; progresses to a hard mass filling the nasal cavity.
- Inflammation can spread to paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, and trachea.
- Soft tissue destruction but bony structures limit spread.
- Microscopically (M/E): Surface epithelium shows hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia. Sub epithelial tissue contains Miculicz cells (hydropic macrophages) with large, rounded cells and abundant clear cytoplasm and nuclei. Russell bodies (hyaline plasma cells) may be present.
Inflammatory Nasal Polyps
- Finger-like projections from inflamed nasal mucosa.
- Common in patients with frequent allergic rhinitis and chronic sinus infections.
- Significant number of eosinophils are present.
Sinusitis
- Inflammation of paranasal sinuses.
- Frequently from nasal cavity extension or dental infections.
- Drainage obstruction leads to mucus accumulation; causing secondary bacterial infection.
Nasal Bleeding (Epistaxis)
- Causes: Trauma, foreign bodies, areas of inflammation, and tumors.
Adenoids
- Inflammatory hyperplasia of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue.
- Mostly commonly affects children.
- Enlargement causes nasal obstruction, mouth breathing. Neglecting the problem can create specific facial characteristics, known as adenoid facies.
- Spread to middle ear can lead to otitis media; lower respiratory tract infections.
Laryngitis
- Inflammation of the larynx due to viral or bacterial infections or voice overuse/irritation.
- Inflammation and edema of vocal cords cause voice hoarseness.
- Types include: tuberculous laryngitis (a complication of tuberculosis) and diphtheritic laryngitis (less common due to widespread immunizations).
Diphtheria
- Acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
- Typically occurs in children (2-5 years) and less often in adults, but can occur in adults.
- Spread via droplet infection.
- Pathology: Locally, pseudomembranous inflammation, also affecting distant organs via exotoxins causing degeneration of parenchyma organs. Draining cervical lymph nodes may display hyperplasia.
Upper Respiratory Tract Tumors
- Benign tumors (nose and paranasal sinuses)- e.g., sinonasal papilloma, osteoma, chondroma, fibromas, capillary hemangioma.
- Malignant tumors (nose and paranasal sinuses) - e.g., sinonasal carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma.
Nasopharyngeal Fibroma
- Benign tumor; uncommon in male adolescents.
- Originates from periosteal tissue.
- Grayish pink, highly vascular mass.
- Projects into nasopharynx, potentially extending to nasal cavity, cheeks, or orbit.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- Malignant tumor, often with keratinizing or non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma elements.
- Potentially related to Epstein Barr Virus (EBV).
Laryngeal Tumors
- Benign: Squamous cell papilloma, juvenile papillomatosis (common in children and recurrent),
- Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma (the most common malignant).
- Squamous cell papilloma usually involves the vocal cords, often is a single, small, sessile mass.
- Juvenile papillomatosis is typically multiple, small, pedunculated lesions, usually outside vocal cords.
- Carcinoma can be intrinsic (originating within vocal cords) or extrinsic (originating outside).
- Intrinsic is typically more benign clinically with slow growth and early diagnosis compared with extrinsic lesion(s).
- Intrinsic tumors usually are more differentiated leading to good prognosis, whereas extrinsic tumors are rapidly growing and poorly differentiated with associated poor prognosis.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (larynx)
- Common tumor of the larynx.
- Types: Verrucous (uncommon, low-grade, often good prognosis), classic invasive.
- Verrucous presents superficially invasive and shows relatively good prognosis.
- Classic invasive type is locally invasive, often with a poor prognosis.
- Risk factors: chronic irritation and possible role from Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
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Description
This quiz covers key diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract, including the common cold and rhinoscleroma. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and potential complications of each condition. Test your knowledge on these important respiratory health issues.
