Upper Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main functions of coarse hairs in the nose?

  • To filter large particles from air (correct)
  • To regulate temperature
  • To enhance the sense of smell
  • To secrete mucus

The upper respiratory system includes only the nose.

False (B)

Name two components of the upper respiratory system.

Nose and pharynx

The respiratory system's ciliated mucous membranes _____ airborne particles.

<p>trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Pharyngitis = Inflammation of the pharynx Laryngitis = Inflammation of the larynx Tonsillitis = Inflammation of the tonsils Sinusitis = Inflammation of the sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue provides immunity to certain infections in the respiratory system?

<p>Lymphoid tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infections of the lower respiratory system are more common than those of the upper respiratory system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mode of transmission for respiratory diseases can include _____ and contact with infected surfaces.

<p>airborne particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organism causes diphtheria?

<p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae promotes protein synthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of nose and throat infections that may affect the ear?

<p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common cold can be caused by approximately __________ different viruses.

<p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of the common cold?

<p>Excessive nasal secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunization is included in the routine vaccination schedule in the United States for diphtheria?

<p>Diphtheria toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

In diphtheria, a membrane of fibrin and dead cells can form in the __________.

<p>throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacteria with the diseases they commonly cause:

<p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae = Diphtheria Streptococcus pneumoniae = Pneumonia Streptococcus pyogenes = Strep throat Haemophilus influenzae = Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was COVID-19 declared a global pandemic?

<p>March 11, 2020 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first confirmed COVID-19 case in the Philippines occurred on February 1, 2020.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant risk factor for severe COVID-19?

<p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

COVID-19 may develop _____ days to 2 weeks after exposure.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of pertussis?

<p>Bordetella pertussis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms of COVID-19 with their descriptions:

<p>Headache = Pain in the head region Fever or chills = Elevated body temperature or feeling cold Shortness of breath = Difficulty breathing Nausea or vomiting = Feeling sick or throwing up</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported in the Philippines by December 29, 2021?

<p>2,839,111 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical disease of tuberculosis may develop from both primary infection and reactivation of previous infections.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

President Rodrigo Duterte placed Metro Manila under community quarantine on March 15, 2020.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lesions formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test is used for COVID-19?

<p>RT-PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ stage of pertussis resembles a cold.

<p>catarrhal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be classified as acid-fast?

<p>It cannot be decolorized with acid-alcohol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of tuberculosis with their descriptions:

<p>Primary tuberculosis = Involves a single focus of infection in the lung Miliary tuberculosis = Involves multiple new foci of infection Active tuberculosis = Can develop from primary or reactivated infections Latent tuberculosis = No active disease present</p> Signup and view all the answers

In miliary tuberculosis, the caseous lesion can rupture, releasing bacteria into ______ or ______ vessels.

<p>blood, lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regular immunization has increased the incidence of pertussis in children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the added step in RT-PCR that differentiates it from standard PCR?

<p>Reverse transcription of RNA to DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monoclonal-directed antibodies are used for the management of COVID-19.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one viral RNA polymerase inhibitor used in COVID-19 management.

<p>Remdesivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

RT-PCR is primarily used to detect _____ in biological samples.

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following COVID-19 management strategies with their functions:

<p>Remdesivir = Viral RNA polymerase inhibitor Baricitinib = Janus kinase inhibitor Tocilizumab = Interleukin-6 inhibitor Convalescent plasma = Use of antibodies from recovered patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a management strategy for COVID-19?

<p>Peer-to-peer counseling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Baricitinib acts as an interleukin-6 inhibitor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym RT in RT-PCR stand for?

<p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ciliary escalator in the lower respiratory system?

<p>To prevent microorganisms from reaching the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, and alveoli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for strep throat?

<p>Streptococcal pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbial infections of the upper respiratory system can cause conditions such as _____ and _____

<p>pharyngitis, sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their symptoms:

<p>Streptococcal pharyngitis = Inflammation of the mucous membrane and fever Scarlet fever = Red rash and high fever Epiglottitis = Difficulty breathing and sore throat Sinusitis = Nasal congestion and pain in the sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alveolar macrophages is correct?

<p>They phagocytize microbes in the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is primarily responsible for causing strep throat?

<p>Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most respiratory tract infections are non-self-limiting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Upper Respiratory System

The part of the respiratory system containing the nose, pharynx, and related structures like the middle ear.

Respiratory System Defense

The nose's hairs and mucous membranes filter and trap incoming particles.

Respiratory Infections

Infections that start in the upper respiratory tract, often spreading to other body parts.

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx (throat).

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Tonsillitis

Inflammation of the tonsils.

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Normal Microbiota

The natural bacteria and other microbes living in the respiratory system.

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Lower Respiratory System Infections

Infections of parts of the respiratory tract below the pharynx, like the lungs.

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Ciliated Mucous Membranes

Mucous membranes in the respiratory tract with tiny hairs that move particles out of the body.

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Ciliary Escalator

A defense mechanism in the lower respiratory system where tiny hairs (cilia) move mucus and trapped particles upward, preventing them from reaching the lungs.

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Alveolar Macrophages

Immune cells located in the alveoli of the lungs that engulf and destroy microbes.

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Respiratory Mucus

Mucus produced in the respiratory tract that contains IgA antibodies to fight infection.

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Normal Nasal/Throat Microbiota

The natural bacteria and other microbes found in the nose and throat, some of which can be harmful.

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Epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis (flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing), often caused by Haemophilus influenzae bacteria.

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Scarlet Fever

A bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes that produces a rash, fever, and a red tongue.

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Diphtheria

A serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, characterized by a thick membrane forming in the throat, potentially blocking breathing. It can also cause heart, kidney, or nerve damage.

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Diphtheria Exotoxin

Toxic substance produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that inhibits protein synthesis, leading to potential damage to organs.

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Diphtheria Vaccine

A routine immunization called DTaP, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough).

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Cutaneous Diphtheria

Diphtheria affecting the skin, characterized by slow-healing ulcers.

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Otitis Media

Ear infection, commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, resulting in earache and pressure on the eardrum.

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Common Cold

A respiratory infection caused by various viruses, like rhinoviruses or coronaviruses, resulting in symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and congestion.

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Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi, often caused by the same microorganisms that infect the upper respiratory system.

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Pneumonia

Infection of the lungs, caused by various microorganisms, leading to inflammation and fluid buildup.

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What causes pertussis?

Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.

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What is the initial stage of pertussis?

The initial stage of pertussis is called the catarrhal stage and resembles a common cold.

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Paroxysmal Stage

The second stage of pertussis is called the paroxysmal stage and is characterized by deep, coughing fits caused by mucus buildup in the airways.

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What causes tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Acid-Fast Bacteria

Mycobacteria are called 'acid-fast bacteria' because they can't be decolorized with acid-alcohol due to their high lipid cell wall.

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How do Mycobacterium tuberculosis infect?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be ingested by alveolar macrophages, and if not killed, they reproduce within these immune cells.

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What is a tubercle?

Tubercles are lesions formed by M.tuberculosis, containing macrophages and bacteria, which can calcify and be seen on X-rays as Ghon complexes.

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What is a tuberculous cavity?

A tuberculous cavity forms when the caseous lesion liquefies, creating a space where M.tuberculosis can grow.

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COVID-19 Global Health Emergency

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global health emergency on January 30, 2020, due to its rapid spread and potential impact on global health.

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COVID-19 Pandemic Declaration

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, recognizing its widespread global presence and significant impact.

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First COVID-19 Case in the Philippines

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the Philippines was recorded on January 30, 2020.

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First COVID-19 Death Outside China

The first COVID-19 death outside of China occurred in the Philippines on February 1, 2020.

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Community Quarantine in Metro Manila

President Rodrigo Duterte declared a community quarantine in Metro Manila on March 15, 2020, to limit the spread of COVID-19.

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Luzon Lockdown

On March 17, 2020, President Duterte extended the community quarantine to the entire island of Luzon.

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COVID-19 Comorbidities

Pre-existing medical conditions that increase the risk of severe COVID-19, leading to complications.

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COVID-19 Signs and Symptoms

A range of symptoms that can appear 2 days to 2 weeks after exposure to the virus, including fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and loss of taste or smell.

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Real-Time PCR

A molecular technique to measure the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample, used to detect infections like COVID-19. It amplifies small amounts of DNA or RNA, creating millions of copies, making it easier to detect. It's used in clinical diagnostics to identify specific genetic sequences.

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Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR)

A technique that amplifies RNA by creating DNA copies using reverse transcriptase. It's commonly used to study gene expression and identify viral infections. RNA is first converted to DNA, then PCR amplifies the DNA.

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Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme that converts RNA into DNA (cDNA). This process allows for the study of RNA molecules using PCR, a technique that only works for DNA.

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COVID-19 Management

Strategies used to treat and control COVID-19. This includes vaccination, monoclonal antibody therapy, convalescent plasma, and antiviral medications.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

Lab-made antibodies that target specific proteins on the COVID-19 virus, helping the body neutralize and fight the infection.

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Convalescent Plasma

Plasma collected from people who recovered from COVID-19, containing antibodies that can help fight the virus in an infected individual.

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Remdesivir

An antiviral medication that inhibits the viral RNA polymerase enzyme, preventing the virus from replicating.

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Baricitinib

Medications that block Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes, helping to modulate the body's immune response to COVID-19 and reduce inflammation.

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Study Notes

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

  • This is a study of various infections affecting the respiratory system, both upper and lower.
  • Microorganisms can enter the respiratory system despite preventative measures.
  • Normal microbiota in the upper and lower respiratory systems vary.
  • Respiratory infections encompass several types of infections, ranging from common to severe.
  • Different types of pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and epiglottitis are distinguished by their causative agents, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and diagnostic tests.
  • Common cold is caused by many different viruses, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and EV-D68. Immunity to these viruses typically develops with repeated exposure.
  • Symptoms like sneezing, excessive nasal discharge, and congestion are common.
  • Upper respiratory infections can lead to lower respiratory issues.
  • Diseases like bronchitis and pneumonia result from infections spreading to the lower respiratory tract.
  • Several bacteria cause pneumonia. These include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
  • Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii and it's characterized by a fever, muscle aches, and a cough.
  • Common symptoms of pneumonia include cough, fever, chills and difficulty breathing.
  • Diagnosis of pneumonia involves tests like optochin, bile solubility, and latex tests. Antibiotics are part of treatment, along with pneumococcal vaccines, or vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type B.
  • Melioidosis is an infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Symptoms involve pneumonia, sepsis, and encephalitis.
  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a significant concern. Initial identification was in Wuhan, China. Health emergencies and pandemics followed its spread.
  • Significant comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 include diabetes, heart conditions, and immunocompromised status.
  • Symptoms of COVID-19 can include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and muscle aches, among others.
  • Diagnosis often involves RT-PCR tests.
  • Management of COVID-19 often involves vaccination, use of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, Remdesivir, Baricitinib, and Tocilizumab.
  • Several different types of fungi can also affect the respiratory system. The most common include histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, blastomycosis, and others.
  • The treatment and prevention differ widely for the variety of respiratory problems.
  • Itraconazole is a treatment for several fungal mycoses of the lung.

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

  • The upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, and associated structures (like the middle ear).
  • Key upper respiratory defenses include coarse hairs filtering particles, and ciliated membranes trapping airborne particles for removal from the body.
  • Lymphoid tissue, tonsils and adenoids provide immunity for specific infections.
  • The lower respiratory system comprises of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and alveoli.
  • Cilia move inhaled particles in the lower respiratory tract up to the upper respiratory tract where they can be expelled.
  • Alveolar macrophages in the lungs can phagocytize microbes.
  • Respiratory mucus contains IgA antibodies.
  • The normal microbiota of the nasal cavity and throat can include pathogenic microorganisms.

Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System

  • Bacteria and viruses often cause respiratory tract infections in combination.
  • These infections are often self-limiting.
  • One bacterium that causes epiglottitis is Haemophilus influenzae type b.
  • Streptococcus pyogenes causes strep throat, and under specific circumstances results in scarlet fever.
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae caused diphtheria resulting in the formation of a membranous blockage that can interfere with breathing.
  • Otitis media is a complication that can develop as a result of nose and throat infections. pus can accumulate causing pressure and pain to the eardrum.

Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System

  • Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and EV-D68 are among the many types of viruses that can cause the common cold.

Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System

  • Fungal spores are easily inhaled and can germinate in the lower respiratory tract.
  • Mycoses have been increasing recently. Itraconazole can treat various types of these mycoses.
  • Histoplasma capsulatum causes subclinical respiratory infection that may progress to a severe, more generalized disease in some cases.
  • Symptoms of fungal diseases can appear for 3 weeks or longer.
  • Coccidioidomycosis results from inhaling Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia.

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection)

  • First identified amid respiratory illness cases in Wuhan, China (December 31, 2019).
  • Declared a global health emergency by the WHO January 31, 2020 and a global pandemic March 11, 2020.
  • It is an enveloped virus, and characterized by spikes of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) on the virus surface.
  • Symptoms can include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, and loss of taste/smell.
  • Confirmed cases and deaths outside China began in January 2020.
  • Philippines had its first case January 30, 2020.
  • Diagnosis frequently involves RT-PCR.
  • Different Management techniques include monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, viral RNA polymerase inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, and vaccination.

Unit Outcomes

  • Students need to describe mechanisms preventing microorganisms from entering the respiratory system.
  • The normal microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory systems need to be characterized.
  • Students need to differentiate between various respiratory infections and their causative agents.
  • Students need to identify symptoms, prevention, treatment, and lab tests for different respiratory bacterial and viral infections (including relevant microorganisms).

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Microbial Disease of the Respiratory System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the upper respiratory system, including its functions, components, and common infections. This quiz covers various aspects such as the role of coarse hairs, types of tissues involved in immunity, and the pathogens responsible for respiratory diseases. It's an excellent way to assess your understanding of respiratory health.

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