Upper Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main functions of coarse hairs in the nose?

  • To filter large particles from air (correct)
  • To regulate temperature
  • To enhance the sense of smell
  • To secrete mucus

    • The upper respiratory system includes only the nose.

    False

    Name two components of the upper respiratory system.

    Nose and pharynx

    The respiratory system's ciliated mucous membranes _____ airborne particles.

    <p>trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Pharyngitis = Inflammation of the pharynx Laryngitis = Inflammation of the larynx Tonsillitis = Inflammation of the tonsils Sinusitis = Inflammation of the sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue provides immunity to certain infections in the respiratory system?

    <p>Lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections of the lower respiratory system are more common than those of the upper respiratory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mode of transmission for respiratory diseases can include _____ and contact with infected surfaces.

    <p>airborne particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism causes diphtheria?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae promotes protein synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of nose and throat infections that may affect the ear?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common cold can be caused by approximately __________ different viruses.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of the common cold?

    <p>Excessive nasal secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunization is included in the routine vaccination schedule in the United States for diphtheria?

    <p>Diphtheria toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diphtheria, a membrane of fibrin and dead cells can form in the __________.

    <p>throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacteria with the diseases they commonly cause:

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae = Diphtheria Streptococcus pneumoniae = Pneumonia Streptococcus pyogenes = Strep throat Haemophilus influenzae = Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was COVID-19 declared a global pandemic?

    <p>March 11, 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first confirmed COVID-19 case in the Philippines occurred on February 1, 2020.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant risk factor for severe COVID-19?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COVID-19 may develop _____ days to 2 weeks after exposure.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of pertussis?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms of COVID-19 with their descriptions:

    <p>Headache = Pain in the head region Fever or chills = Elevated body temperature or feeling cold Shortness of breath = Difficulty breathing Nausea or vomiting = Feeling sick or throwing up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported in the Philippines by December 29, 2021?

    <p>2,839,111</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clinical disease of tuberculosis may develop from both primary infection and reactivation of previous infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    President Rodrigo Duterte placed Metro Manila under community quarantine on March 15, 2020.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the lesions formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test is used for COVID-19?

    <p>RT-PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ stage of pertussis resembles a cold.

    <p>catarrhal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be classified as acid-fast?

    <p>It cannot be decolorized with acid-alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tuberculosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary tuberculosis = Involves a single focus of infection in the lung Miliary tuberculosis = Involves multiple new foci of infection Active tuberculosis = Can develop from primary or reactivated infections Latent tuberculosis = No active disease present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In miliary tuberculosis, the caseous lesion can rupture, releasing bacteria into ______ or ______ vessels.

    <p>blood, lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular immunization has increased the incidence of pertussis in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the added step in RT-PCR that differentiates it from standard PCR?

    <p>Reverse transcription of RNA to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoclonal-directed antibodies are used for the management of COVID-19.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one viral RNA polymerase inhibitor used in COVID-19 management.

    <p>Remdesivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RT-PCR is primarily used to detect _____ in biological samples.

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following COVID-19 management strategies with their functions:

    <p>Remdesivir = Viral RNA polymerase inhibitor Baricitinib = Janus kinase inhibitor Tocilizumab = Interleukin-6 inhibitor Convalescent plasma = Use of antibodies from recovered patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a management strategy for COVID-19?

    <p>Peer-to-peer counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baricitinib acts as an interleukin-6 inhibitor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym RT in RT-PCR stand for?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliary escalator in the lower respiratory system?

    <p>To prevent microorganisms from reaching the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, and alveoli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for strep throat?

    <p>Streptococcal pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial infections of the upper respiratory system can cause conditions such as _____ and _____

    <p>pharyngitis, sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their symptoms:

    <p>Streptococcal pharyngitis = Inflammation of the mucous membrane and fever Scarlet fever = Red rash and high fever Epiglottitis = Difficulty breathing and sore throat Sinusitis = Nasal congestion and pain in the sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alveolar macrophages is correct?

    <p>They phagocytize microbes in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is primarily responsible for causing strep throat?

    <p>Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most respiratory tract infections are non-self-limiting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

    • This is a study of various infections affecting the respiratory system, both upper and lower.
    • Microorganisms can enter the respiratory system despite preventative measures.
    • Normal microbiota in the upper and lower respiratory systems vary.
    • Respiratory infections encompass several types of infections, ranging from common to severe.
    • Different types of pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and epiglottitis are distinguished by their causative agents, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and diagnostic tests.
    • Common cold is caused by many different viruses, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and EV-D68. Immunity to these viruses typically develops with repeated exposure.
    • Symptoms like sneezing, excessive nasal discharge, and congestion are common.
    • Upper respiratory infections can lead to lower respiratory issues.
    • Diseases like bronchitis and pneumonia result from infections spreading to the lower respiratory tract.
    • Several bacteria cause pneumonia. These include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
    • Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii and it's characterized by a fever, muscle aches, and a cough.
    • Common symptoms of pneumonia include cough, fever, chills and difficulty breathing.
    • Diagnosis of pneumonia involves tests like optochin, bile solubility, and latex tests. Antibiotics are part of treatment, along with pneumococcal vaccines, or vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type B.
    • Melioidosis is an infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Symptoms involve pneumonia, sepsis, and encephalitis.
    • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a significant concern. Initial identification was in Wuhan, China. Health emergencies and pandemics followed its spread.
    • Significant comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 include diabetes, heart conditions, and immunocompromised status.
    • Symptoms of COVID-19 can include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and muscle aches, among others.
    • Diagnosis often involves RT-PCR tests.
    • Management of COVID-19 often involves vaccination, use of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, Remdesivir, Baricitinib, and Tocilizumab.
    • Several different types of fungi can also affect the respiratory system. The most common include histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, blastomycosis, and others.
    • The treatment and prevention differ widely for the variety of respiratory problems.
    • Itraconazole is a treatment for several fungal mycoses of the lung.

    Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

    • The upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, and associated structures (like the middle ear).
    • Key upper respiratory defenses include coarse hairs filtering particles, and ciliated membranes trapping airborne particles for removal from the body.
    • Lymphoid tissue, tonsils and adenoids provide immunity for specific infections.
    • The lower respiratory system comprises of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and alveoli.
    • Cilia move inhaled particles in the lower respiratory tract up to the upper respiratory tract where they can be expelled.
    • Alveolar macrophages in the lungs can phagocytize microbes.
    • Respiratory mucus contains IgA antibodies.
    • The normal microbiota of the nasal cavity and throat can include pathogenic microorganisms.

    Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System

    • Bacteria and viruses often cause respiratory tract infections in combination.
    • These infections are often self-limiting.
    • One bacterium that causes epiglottitis is Haemophilus influenzae type b.
    • Streptococcus pyogenes causes strep throat, and under specific circumstances results in scarlet fever.
    • Corynebacterium diphtheriae caused diphtheria resulting in the formation of a membranous blockage that can interfere with breathing.
    • Otitis media is a complication that can develop as a result of nose and throat infections. pus can accumulate causing pressure and pain to the eardrum.

    Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System

    • Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and EV-D68 are among the many types of viruses that can cause the common cold.

    Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System

    • Fungal spores are easily inhaled and can germinate in the lower respiratory tract.
    • Mycoses have been increasing recently. Itraconazole can treat various types of these mycoses.
    • Histoplasma capsulatum causes subclinical respiratory infection that may progress to a severe, more generalized disease in some cases.
    • Symptoms of fungal diseases can appear for 3 weeks or longer.
    • Coccidioidomycosis results from inhaling Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia.

    COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection)

    • First identified amid respiratory illness cases in Wuhan, China (December 31, 2019).
    • Declared a global health emergency by the WHO January 31, 2020 and a global pandemic March 11, 2020.
    • It is an enveloped virus, and characterized by spikes of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) on the virus surface.
    • Symptoms can include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, and loss of taste/smell.
    • Confirmed cases and deaths outside China began in January 2020.
    • Philippines had its first case January 30, 2020.
    • Diagnosis frequently involves RT-PCR.
    • Different Management techniques include monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, viral RNA polymerase inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, and vaccination.

    Unit Outcomes

    • Students need to describe mechanisms preventing microorganisms from entering the respiratory system.
    • The normal microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory systems need to be characterized.
    • Students need to differentiate between various respiratory infections and their causative agents.
    • Students need to identify symptoms, prevention, treatment, and lab tests for different respiratory bacterial and viral infections (including relevant microorganisms).

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    Microbial Disease of the Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about the upper respiratory system, including its functions, components, and common infections. This quiz covers various aspects such as the role of coarse hairs, types of tissues involved in immunity, and the pathogens responsible for respiratory diseases. It's an excellent way to assess your understanding of respiratory health.

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