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Questions and Answers
Where does the axillary artery begin?
Where does the axillary artery begin?
What separates the three parts of the axillary artery?
What separates the three parts of the axillary artery?
Which muscles are located in the axilla along with the axillary artery?
Which muscles are located in the axilla along with the axillary artery?
At what point does the axillary artery transition into the brachial artery?
At what point does the axillary artery transition into the brachial artery?
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Which component is NOT found in the contents of the axilla?
Which component is NOT found in the contents of the axilla?
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Which structure forms the medial margin of the inlet of the axilla?
Which structure forms the medial margin of the inlet of the axilla?
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Which muscle forms the anterior axillary fold?
Which muscle forms the anterior axillary fold?
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What is the continuation of the subclavian artery at the lateral border of the first rib?
What is the continuation of the subclavian artery at the lateral border of the first rib?
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Which vein does the cephalic vein end in?
Which vein does the cephalic vein end in?
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Which artery originates from the third part of the axillary artery?
Which artery originates from the third part of the axillary artery?
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What is the primary shape of the axilla?
What is the primary shape of the axilla?
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Which structure is NOT part of the anterior wall of the axilla?
Which structure is NOT part of the anterior wall of the axilla?
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Which margin does the first rib form in relation to the axillary inlet?
Which margin does the first rib form in relation to the axillary inlet?
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What major function does the axilla serve?
What major function does the axilla serve?
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Which structure represents the base of the axilla?
Which structure represents the base of the axilla?
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Who is responsible for presenting the axilla lecture?
Who is responsible for presenting the axilla lecture?
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What forms the posterior margin of the axillary inlet?
What forms the posterior margin of the axillary inlet?
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Which component is not included in the content of the axilla?
Which component is not included in the content of the axilla?
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Which muscles contribute to the formation of the anterior wall of the axilla?
Which muscles contribute to the formation of the anterior wall of the axilla?
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What forms the medial wall of the axilla?
What forms the medial wall of the axilla?
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Which structure is NOT part of the lateral wall of the axilla?
Which structure is NOT part of the lateral wall of the axilla?
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Which muscles form the lower border of the posterior wall of the axilla?
Which muscles form the lower border of the posterior wall of the axilla?
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What structures make up the floor (base) of the axilla?
What structures make up the floor (base) of the axilla?
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Which structure defines the inlet (apex) of the axilla?
Which structure defines the inlet (apex) of the axilla?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior wall of the axilla?
Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior wall of the axilla?
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Which muscle primarily forms the anterior axillary fold?
Which muscle primarily forms the anterior axillary fold?
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Which artery is the largest branch of the axillary artery?
Which artery is the largest branch of the axillary artery?
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Where does the axillary vein begin?
Where does the axillary vein begin?
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Which arteries pass anterior and posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus?
Which arteries pass anterior and posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus?
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What forms the axillary vein?
What forms the axillary vein?
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Which artery penetrates the clavipectoral fascia?
Which artery penetrates the clavipectoral fascia?
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What is the termination point of the axillary vein?
What is the termination point of the axillary vein?
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Which artery supplies the shoulder joint?
Which artery supplies the shoulder joint?
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Which artery is located at the inferior margin of the pectoralis minor muscle?
Which artery is located at the inferior margin of the pectoralis minor muscle?
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Study Notes
Upper Limb Anatomy
- The upper limb comprises the pectoral, scapular, arm, axilla, and forearm regions.
- The bones of the upper limb include the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna, which support and form the structure of the limb.
- The scapula is a flat, triangular bone that links the humerus to the clavicle, forming the shoulder.
- The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm, connecting the scapula to the radius and ulna.
- The radius and ulna are the forearm bones; the radius is on the thumb side, and the ulna is on the little finger side.
- The hand consists of the wrist, palm, and fingers.
The Axilla
- The axilla is a pyramidal space between the upper chest and the upper arm.
- It's a region of transition for major structures—vessels and nerves—entering and leaving the upper limb.
- The anatomy of the axilla is crucial for understanding blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics passing through the region.
Axilla Boundaries
- Apex (Axillary inlet): The apex of the axilla is defined by the lateral margin of rib one, the superior margin of the scapula, and the medial margin of the coracoid process.
- Base (Floor): The base of the axilla is formed by the skin and fascia.
- Anterior wall: Composed of the pectoralis major muscle, pectoralis minor muscle, subclavius muscle, and clavipectoral fascia.
- Posterior wall: Formed by the scapula and muscles—subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles.
- Medial wall: The upper thoracic wall and the serratus anterior muscle form the medial wall.
- Lateral wall: The lateral wall is formed by the bicipital groove of the humerus and the muscles connected to it.
Axilla Contents
- The axillary region contains vital nerves (brachial plexus cords), blood vessels (axillary artery and vein), and lymph nodes.
- The brachial plexus cords are subdivided into five main nerves: medial, lateral, and posterior cords.
- The axillary artery is an important part of the upper limb blood supply.
- The axillary vein is responsible for draining blood from the upper limb.
Axillary Artery
- The axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib and continues to the inferior border of the teres major muscle where it becomes the brachial artery.
- The axillary artery has three distinct parts, delineated by the pectoralis minor muscle:
- First part: Above the pectoralis minor muscle.
- Second part: Posterior to the pectoralis minor muscle.
- Third part: Below the pectoralis minor muscle.
- The artery branches into multiple vessels supplying the upper limb structures.
Axillary Vein
- The axillary vein begins at the lower border of the teres major muscle, becoming a continuation of the basilic vein.
- It subsequently runs through the axilla, medial and anterior to the axillary artery.
- Tributaries from the upper limb and other structures join the axillary vein.
- Eventually, it becomes the subclavian vein.
Additional Information
- The anterior axillary fold is formed by the pectoralis major muscle, and the posterior axillary fold is formed by the teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles.
- The medial margin of the axillary inlet is formed by the first rib.
- The cephalic vein ends in the axillary vein.
- The subscapular artery, a primary vessel for the axillary artery, is its largest branch.
- The subscapular artery runs along the inferior margin of the subscapularis muscle.
References
- Gray's Anatomy for Students, 3rd Edition, with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access Drake, Vogl & Mitchell 2014.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, scapula, arm, axilla, and forearm. Learn about the bones involved, specifically the clavicle, humerus, radius, and ulna, as well as the significance of the axilla in vascular and neural pathways. Test your knowledge on the structure and boundaries of the upper limb.
