80 Questions
During the school-age stage, what is a characteristic of the child's social relationships with adults?
The child has social relationships with adults other than parents, such as teachers and group leaders.
What is a cognitive characteristic of the school-age child?
The child has the capacity for logical thought and can determine that objects have more than one property.
What is an example of a complex motor task that a typical school-age child can perform?
Playing baseball
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's understanding of death?
The child understands that death is irreversible and final.
What is an example of the school-age child's internalized moral sense?
Understanding that fairness is important in games.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's social relationships with peers?
The child prefers to interact with children of the same gender.
What is an example of the concept of conservation in the school-age child?
Understanding that the quantity of a substance remains the same regardless of the container.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's psychosexual development?
The child has little interest in psychosexual issues.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's relationships with parents?
The child identifies with the parent of the same gender.
At what age does the child understand that death is universal and inevitable?
After age 11
At what age does the first menstruation (menarche) typically occur in girls?
11-14 years
Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of early adolescence?
Frequent challenging of parental authority
What is a common consequence of not handling an identity crisis effectively in late adolescence?
Role confusion and behavioral problems
At which Tanner Stage of Sexual Development do male and female genitalia resemble those of adults?
Stage 5
What is the average age of first sexual intercourse in the United States?
16 years
Why do some teenagers not use contraceptives?
All of the above
What is a common concern for boys during middle adolescence?
Nipple enlargement
What is a characteristic of early adolescence regarding peer relationships?
Strong sensitivity to peer opinions
What is a common way to discourage risk-taking behavior in teenagers?
Highlighting short-term benefits
What is a characteristic of late adolescence regarding cognitive development?
Development of morals and ethics
What is a common reason for adolescent girls to be at risk of pregnancy?
Having a history of depression
What is a characteristic of a child's reaction to illness during the toddler years?
Fear of separation from parents
What is a common challenge faced by adopted children?
Dealing with behavioral problems
What is a purpose of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale?
To evaluate social skills and skills for daily living
What is a characteristic of early adulthood, according to Erikson?
Forming intimate relationships
What is a factor that may predispose an adolescent girl to pregnancy?
Having poor school achievement
What is a common issue faced by individuals with intellectual disabilities in residential social settings?
Avoidance of pregnancy
What is a characteristic of school-age children when they are hospitalized?
Coping relatively well with hospitalization
What is a common consequence of not developing intimate relationships in early adulthood?
Emotional isolation
What is a common issue faced by ill adolescents?
Resisting medical advice
According to Erikson, what is the stage of life characterized by the development of an intimate relationship with another person?
Intimacy vs. isolation
What is a common physical problem experienced by women during menopause?
Vasomotor instability
At what stage of life does an individual develop a sense of emptiness if they do not maintain a continued sense of productivity?
Middle adulthood
What is a potential consequence of not developing an intimate relationship by the stage of intimacy vs. isolation?
Emotional isolation
What is the term for the change in physiologic function that occurs during midlife?
Climacterium
At what age do most Americans typically have a committed relationship, such as marriage and children?
30 years old
What is a potential consequence of a midlife crisis?
Depression
What is the stage of life characterized by a sense of generativity vs. stagnation?
Middle adulthood
What is the term for the ceasing of menstruation in women, which is defined as one year without a menstrual period?
Menopause
During what stage of life do many women alter their lifestyles by returning to work or school or resuming their careers?
Middle adulthood
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's cognitive development?
The child has the capacity for logical thought and can determine that objects have more than one property.
During which stage of development do children typically understand that death is universal and inevitable?
School age
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's social relationships with adults?
They have social relationships with adults other than parents.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's psychosexual development?
Sexual feelings are quiescent and latent.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's motor development?
The child engages in complex motor tasks, such as playing baseball.
What is a characteristic of early adolescence?
The development of secondary sex characteristics occurs.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's social relationships with peers?
They prefer to interact with children of the same gender.
At what stage of adolescence do individuals typically develop morals, ethics, and a realistic appraisal of their own abilities?
Late adolescence
What percentage of sexually active teenagers do not use contraceptives?
Less than half
What is an example of the concept of seriation in the school-age child?
The ability to arrange objects in order with respect to their sizes or other qualities.
What is a characteristic of the school-age child's moral development?
The child has internalized a moral sense of right and wrong.
What is a common consequence of not handling an identity crisis effectively in late adolescence?
Role confusion
At which Tanner Stage of Sexual Development do male and female genitalia resemble those of adults?
Stage 5
How do school-age children typically interact with doctors during medical examinations?
They are interviewed and examined by the doctor with the mother present.
What is a common reason for adolescent girls to be at risk of pregnancy?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of early adolescence regarding peer relationships?
Strong sensitivity to the opinions of peers
What is a common concern for boys during middle adolescence?
Nipple enlargement
What is a common way to discourage risk-taking behavior in teenagers?
Educating them about short-term benefits
What is a characteristic of late adolescence regarding cognitive development?
Ability for abstract reasoning
Physicians may counsel minors and provide them with:
Contraceptives without parental knowledge or consent
What is a primary characteristic of middle adulthood?
Sense of generativity vs. stagnation
What is associated with an awareness of one's own aging and death?
Midlife crisis
What is a common physical problem experienced by women during menopause?
Hot flashes
At what stage of life does an individual develop a sense of emptiness if they do not maintain a continued sense of productivity?
Generativity vs. stagnation
What is the term for the change in physiologic function that occurs during midlife?
Climacterium
At what age do most Americans typically have a committed relationship, such as marriage and children?
30s
What is a potential consequence of a midlife crisis?
All of the above
During what stage of life do many women alter their lifestyles by returning to work or school or resuming their careers?
Middle 30s
What is the term for the ceasing of menstruation in women, which is defined as one year without a menstrual period?
Menopause
What is a characteristic of the person in middle adulthood?
More power and authority
What is a characteristic of a child's reaction to illness during the preschool years?
Fear of bodily harm
Why are pregnant teenagers at high risk for obstetric complications?
They are physically immature and less likely to get prenatal care
What is a common challenge faced by adopted children, particularly those adopted after infancy?
Behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence
What is the purpose of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale?
To assess social skills and skills for daily living in intellectually disabled individuals
At what age do individuals typically experience a period of reappraisal of their life?
30 years
What is a characteristic of ill adolescents?
They challenge the authority of doctors and nurses
What is a common consequence of not handling an identity crisis effectively in late adolescence?
Emotional isolation
What is a factor that may predispose an adolescent girl to pregnancy?
All of the above
What is a common issue faced by individuals with intellectual disabilities in residential social settings?
Avoidance of pregnancy
According to Erikson, what is the stage of life characterized by the development of an intimate relationship with another person?
Intimacy vs. isolation
Study Notes
School Age: 7-11 Years
- Social characteristics:
- Prefer to interact with same-gender children and avoid opposite gender
- Identify with same-gender parent
- Develop relationships with adults beyond parents (e.g., teachers, group leaders)
- Demonstrate little interest in psychosexual issues
- Develop internalized moral sense of right and wrong
- Understand rules and fairness
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Industrious and organized
- Capacity for logical thought
- Understand concepts of conservation and seriation
- Motor development:
- Engage in complex motor tasks (e.g., playing baseball, skipping rope, riding a two-wheeled bicycle)
Adolescence: 11-20 Years
Early Adolescence: 11-14 Years
- Physical characteristics:
- Development of secondary sex characteristics
- Increased skeletal growth
- First menstruation in girls (average age: 11-14 years)
- First ejaculation in boys (average age: 12-15 years)
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Cognitive maturation and formation of personality
- Sex drives and sexual self-stimulation
- Interest in gender roles, body image, and popularity
- Social characteristics:
- Strong sensitivity to peer opinions
- Generally obedient to parental authority
Middle Adolescence: 15-17 Years
- Physical characteristics:
- Continued development of secondary sex characteristics
- Interest in opposite sex and romantic relationships
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Risk-taking behavior and feelings of omnipotence
- Education about short-term benefits of behavior can decrease unwanted behavior
- Social characteristics:
- Efforts to develop an identity through fashion, music, and peer relationships
- Conflict with parents may arise
Late Adolescence: 18-20 Years
- Physical characteristics:
- Development of morals, ethics, and self-control
- Concern with humanitarian issues and world problems
- Development of abstract reasoning (Piaget stage of formal operations)
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Identity crisis and role confusion
- Behavioral problems or interest in cults may arise
- Social characteristics: +Formation of intimate relationships and sexual identity
Tanner Stages of Sexual Development
- Stage 1: Genitalia and associated structures are the same as in childhood
- Stage 2: Scant, straight pubic hair, testes enlarge, scrotum develops texture
- Stage 3: Pubic hair increases, penis increases in length, testes enlarge
- Stage 4: Penis increases in width, glans develops, scrotal skin darkens
- Stage 5: Male and female genitalia are like adult
Teenage Sexuality
- Average age of first sexual intercourse: 16 years
- Fewer than half of sexually active teenagers use contraceptives
- Physicians may counsel minors and provide them with contraceptives without parental consent
- Issues involving sexuality and drug use are typically discussed with teenagers without a parent present
Teenage Pregnancy
- Teenage pregnancy is a social problem in the United States
- Abortion is legal in the United States, but minors may need parental consent in some states
- Factors predisposing adolescent girls to pregnancy include depression, poor school achievement, and having divorced parents
- Pregnant teenagers are at high risk for obstetric complications
Special Issues in Child Development
Illness in Childhood and Adolescence
- Reaction to illness varies by developmental stage
- Toddler years: fear of separation from parent
- Preschool years: fear of bodily harm
- School-age children: cope relatively well with hospitalization
- Adolescence: challenge authority and resist being different from peers
Adoption
- Adoptive parent is a person who voluntarily becomes the legal parent of a child not their genetic offspring
- Adopted children may be at increased risk for behavioral problems
- Children should be told by their parents that they are adopted at the earliest age possible
Intellectual Disability
- Etiology: genetic causes, metabolic factors, prenatal and postnatal infection, maternal substance use
- Mildly and moderately intellectually disabled individuals may know they are different and may become frustrated and socially withdrawn
- The Vineland Social Maturity Scale can be used to evaluate social skills and skills for daily living
- Avoidance of pregnancy in adults with intellectual disabilities can be an issue
Early Adulthood: 20-40 Years
- Characteristics:
- Period of reappraisal of one's life around 30 years of age
- Physical development peaks
- Independence and development of intimate relationships
- Responsibilities and relationships:
- Development of intimate relationships with another person
- According to Erikson, this is the stage of intimacy versus isolation
- Most Americans are in a committed relationship and have children by 30 years of age
Middle Adulthood: 40-65 Years
- Characteristics:
- Possess more power and authority than at other life stages
- Midlife crisis may occur in men, leading to changes in profession, lifestyle, infidelity, or depression
- Responsibilities:
- Maintaining a sense of productivity or developing a sense of emptiness (Erikson stage of generativity vs. stagnation)
- Relationships:
- Midlife crisis associated with awareness of one's own aging and death
- Climacterium is the change in physiologic function that occurs during midlife
- In men, decreased muscle strength, physical endurance, and sexual performance occur
- In women, menopause occurs, and vasomotor instability is a common physical problem
School Age: 7-11 Years
- Social characteristics:
- Prefer to interact with same-gender children and avoid opposite gender
- Identify with same-gender parent
- Develop relationships with adults beyond parents (e.g., teachers, group leaders)
- Demonstrate little interest in psychosexual issues
- Develop internalized moral sense of right and wrong
- Understand rules and fairness
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Industrious and organized
- Capacity for logical thought
- Understand concepts of conservation and seriation
- Motor development:
- Engage in complex motor tasks (e.g., playing baseball, skipping rope, riding a two-wheeled bicycle)
Adolescence: 11-20 Years
Early Adolescence: 11-14 Years
- Physical characteristics:
- Development of secondary sex characteristics
- Increased skeletal growth
- First menstruation in girls (average age: 11-14 years)
- First ejaculation in boys (average age: 12-15 years)
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Cognitive maturation and formation of personality
- Sex drives and sexual self-stimulation
- Interest in gender roles, body image, and popularity
- Social characteristics:
- Strong sensitivity to peer opinions
- Generally obedient to parental authority
Middle Adolescence: 15-17 Years
- Physical characteristics:
- Continued development of secondary sex characteristics
- Interest in opposite sex and romantic relationships
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Risk-taking behavior and feelings of omnipotence
- Education about short-term benefits of behavior can decrease unwanted behavior
- Social characteristics:
- Efforts to develop an identity through fashion, music, and peer relationships
- Conflict with parents may arise
Late Adolescence: 18-20 Years
- Physical characteristics:
- Development of morals, ethics, and self-control
- Concern with humanitarian issues and world problems
- Development of abstract reasoning (Piaget stage of formal operations)
- Cognitive characteristics:
- Identity crisis and role confusion
- Behavioral problems or interest in cults may arise
- Social characteristics: +Formation of intimate relationships and sexual identity
Tanner Stages of Sexual Development
- Stage 1: Genitalia and associated structures are the same as in childhood
- Stage 2: Scant, straight pubic hair, testes enlarge, scrotum develops texture
- Stage 3: Pubic hair increases, penis increases in length, testes enlarge
- Stage 4: Penis increases in width, glans develops, scrotal skin darkens
- Stage 5: Male and female genitalia are like adult
Teenage Sexuality
- Average age of first sexual intercourse: 16 years
- Fewer than half of sexually active teenagers use contraceptives
- Physicians may counsel minors and provide them with contraceptives without parental consent
- Issues involving sexuality and drug use are typically discussed with teenagers without a parent present
Teenage Pregnancy
- Teenage pregnancy is a social problem in the United States
- Abortion is legal in the United States, but minors may need parental consent in some states
- Factors predisposing adolescent girls to pregnancy include depression, poor school achievement, and having divorced parents
- Pregnant teenagers are at high risk for obstetric complications
Special Issues in Child Development
Illness in Childhood and Adolescence
- Reaction to illness varies by developmental stage
- Toddler years: fear of separation from parent
- Preschool years: fear of bodily harm
- School-age children: cope relatively well with hospitalization
- Adolescence: challenge authority and resist being different from peers
Adoption
- Adoptive parent is a person who voluntarily becomes the legal parent of a child not their genetic offspring
- Adopted children may be at increased risk for behavioral problems
- Children should be told by their parents that they are adopted at the earliest age possible
Intellectual Disability
- Etiology: genetic causes, metabolic factors, prenatal and postnatal infection, maternal substance use
- Mildly and moderately intellectually disabled individuals may know they are different and may become frustrated and socially withdrawn
- The Vineland Social Maturity Scale can be used to evaluate social skills and skills for daily living
- Avoidance of pregnancy in adults with intellectual disabilities can be an issue
Early Adulthood: 20-40 Years
- Characteristics:
- Period of reappraisal of one's life around 30 years of age
- Physical development peaks
- Independence and development of intimate relationships
- Responsibilities and relationships:
- Development of intimate relationships with another person
- According to Erikson, this is the stage of intimacy versus isolation
- Most Americans are in a committed relationship and have children by 30 years of age
Middle Adulthood: 40-65 Years
- Characteristics:
- Possess more power and authority than at other life stages
- Midlife crisis may occur in men, leading to changes in profession, lifestyle, infidelity, or depression
- Responsibilities:
- Maintaining a sense of productivity or developing a sense of emptiness (Erikson stage of generativity vs. stagnation)
- Relationships:
- Midlife crisis associated with awareness of one's own aging and death
- Climacterium is the change in physiologic function that occurs during midlife
- In men, decreased muscle strength, physical endurance, and sexual performance occur
- In women, menopause occurs, and vasomotor instability is a common physical problem
This quiz covers the social and cognitive characteristics of children between 7-11 years old, including their relationships, moral development, and cognitive abilities.
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