Unorganized Drugs and Opium Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of polysaccharides are gums classified as?

  • Oligosaccharides
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Heterogeneous polysaccharides (correct)

    • What is the process called that leads to the formation of gums?

  • Gummosis (correct)
  • Excretion
  • Photosynthesis
  • Hydrolysis

    • Which of the following is a typical use of gums?

  • Film coating agents (correct)
  • Fuel additives
  • Plant growth regulators
  • Synthetic fertilizers

    • What happens to gums when they are placed in water?

    <p>They either dissolve or form a viscous solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is considered a gum?

    <p>Gum Acacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where are gums typically obtained?

    <p>Trunk and branches of Acacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of gums related to solubility?

    <p>Insoluble in most organic solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of substances can gums act as?

    <p>Film coating agents, thickening agents, and emulsifiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constituents is produced from the hydrolysis of Arabic acid?

    <p>L-arabinose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of the oxidase enzyme present in some pharmaceutical products?

    <p>It enhances the destruction of many pharmaceutical products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Tragacanth solutions?

    <p>Highly viscous with a long shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Tragacanth contains methoxyl groups?

    <p>Bassorin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which conditions is Tragacanth preferred for use?

    <p>Highly acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is produced when morphine is tested with formaldehyde and sulfuric acid?

    <p>Crimson red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a latex?

    <p>Opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of agarose in agar-agar?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the red color when dilute hydrochloric acid is added?

    <p>It remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extracts are made from the polysaccharides of Rhodophyceae?

    <p>Agar-agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a gum?

    <p>Agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is involved in preparing agar-agar from red algae?

    <p>Spreading on the beach to dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medical use of morphine?

    <p>Effective pain killer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of gums?

    <p>They have adhesive properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of heroin contributes to its high addiction potential?

    <p>Stronger lipophilic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of papaverine?

    <p>Smooth muscle relaxant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with morphine's use?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is commonly used to administer heroin?

    <p>Snorted or injected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of codeine as an alkaloid?

    <p>Cough sedative for dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meconic acid commonly used to identify?

    <p>Identity of powdered drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant bodily effect of morphine aside from pain relief?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of agaropectin in a solution?

    <p>It affects the viscosity of the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical test indicates the presence of agar-agar?

    <p>Producing crimson red color with iodine solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gelatin is classified as what type of nutrient?

    <p>Inadequate nutrient due to traces of essential amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when gelatin powder is mixed with soda lime?

    <p>It yields ammonia odor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use for agar-agar?

    <p>Biofuel production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important quality that gelatin must possess in relation to chondrin?

    <p>It must not contain chondrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what application is agarose commonly used?

    <p>For electrophoresis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precipitate forms when tannic acid is added to a gelatin solution?

    <p>A white precipitate forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification does Opium fall under based on its physical characteristics?

    <p>Latex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples is classified as a resin?

    <p>Tolu balsam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is obtained from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L.?

    <p>Opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gum Tragacanth is an example of which classification of unorganized drugs?

    <p>Gums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a saccharin derivative?

    <p>Aloes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes oleo-gum-resins?

    <p>They are combinations of oils, gums, and resins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is in the category of extracts?

    <p>Gelatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Benzoin?

    <p>Resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of gums?

    <p>They are often used for thickening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification would you associate with Myrrh?

    <p>Oleo-gum-resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unorganized Drugs

    • Classified according to physical characteristics:
      • Latex (e.g., Opium)
      • Extracts (e.g., Agar, Gelatin)
      • Juice (e.g., Aloes)
      • Resins and resin combinations (e.g., colophony)
      • Balsams (e.g., Benzoin, Tolu balsam)
      • Gums (e.g., Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum)
      • Saccharin derivatives (e.g., Honey, Bee propolis, Bee venom, Royal jelly)
      • Oleo-gum-resins (e.g., Myrrh, Olibanum, Guggul, Asafoetida)

    Opium

    • Air-dried latex from unripe Papaver somniferum L. capsules
    • Contains not less than 10% morphine and 2% codeine

    Opium Collection and Preparation

    • Incisions made on green capsules in the afternoon
    • Incisions do not penetrate the endocarp
    • Exuded milky latex rapidly coagulates and turns brown

    Opium, Opiates, and Opioids

    • Opium: Mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum
    • Opiate: Naturally occurring narcotic alkaloids in opium poppy (e.g., morphine, codeine)
    • Opioid: Natural or synthetic compounds with morphine-like action (e.g., enkephalins, endorphins)

    Alkaloids (Phenanthrene Group): Morphine

    • Effective pain killer (cancer, pre/post-surgery)
    • Antiperistaltic (constipation) and respiratory depressant
    • Addictive
    • Constricts pupils, lowers temp and sweating

    Heroin (Diacetyl Morphine)

    • Highly addictive synthetic morphine substitute
    • More lipophilic than morphine, more readily crossing the blood-brain barrier.
    • Commonly injected, snorted, or smoked

    Alkaloids (Other): Codeine, Papaverine, Narceine

    • Codeine: Cough suppressant
    • Papaverine: Smooth muscle relaxant
    • Narceine: Additional alkaloid

    Tests for Identity (e.g., Meconic Acid, Morphine)

    • Specific chemical tests to confirm the presence of certain drugs. Details of the tests are outlined in the provided texts

    Extracts: Agar-Agar (Japanese Isinglass)

    • Polysaccharides from Rhodophyceae (red algae), primarily Gelidium.
    • Prepared by boiling, bleaching, concentrating and drying the algae
    • Used as a suspending, thickening, emulsifying agent in pharmaceuticals, nutrient medium in bacteriological cultures, and in electrophoresis and chromatography

    Extracts: Gelatin

    • Soluble protein from collagen-containing materials (skin, bones, tendons).
    • Partial hydrolysis of collagen.
    • Used in suppositories, tablets, capsules, suspending and stabilizing agents, microencapsulation, and bacteriological culture media.
    • Not a complete nutrient; does not contain chondrin.

    Gums: General Information

    • Hydrocolloids (either anionic or nonionic) polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides; produced by plants in response to injury or unfavorable conditions.
    • Heterogeneous polysaccharides producing a mixture of sugars and uronic acids upon hydrolysis.
    • Formed by enzymes (called gummosis)
    • Insoluble in most organic solvents, forming viscous colloidal solutions or jelly-like masses in water

    Gums: Gum Acacia

    • Dried exudate from Acacia senegal.
    • Used as a suspending agent, in cough and cold preparations, wound healing, sore throat and treatment of diarrhea.
    • Contains Arabins (calcium salt of Arabic acid).
    • Yields L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, and L-rhamnose on hydrolysis.

    Gums: Gum Tragacanth

    • Dried exudate from Astragalus gummifer.
    • High viscosity suspending agent in tablets, cosmetics.
    • Resistant to acidic conditions.
    • Contains water-soluble tragacanthin and water-insoluble bassorin.

    Gums: Guar Gum (Guaran)

    • Obtained by grinding the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
    • Polysaccharide (galactomannan) producing galactose and mannose on hydrolysis.
    • Forms gels in water, even at low concentrations.

    Juices (e.g., Aloes)

    • Concentrated, dried juice from Aloe species.
    • Contains hydroxyanthracene derivatives (e.g., barbaloin).
    • Used in various medications and treatments.
    • Prepared by cutting leaves and boiling the juice for concentration
    • Contains specific chemical compounds (e.g. aloe-emodin)
    • Used in some treatments for burns, and as a laxative/carminative.

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    Lecture 2 Unorganised Drugs - PUA PDF

    Description

    This quiz dives into the classification of unorganized drugs based on their physical characteristics, with a specific focus on opium. Learn about the collection, preparation, and differences between opium, opiates, and opioids. Test your knowledge on this intriguing topic that explores the medicinal and historical significance of these substances.

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