Unorganized Drugs and Opium Overview
47 Questions
7 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of polysaccharides are gums classified as?

  • Oligosaccharides
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Heterogeneous polysaccharides (correct)

What is the process called that leads to the formation of gums?

  • Gummosis (correct)
  • Excretion
  • Photosynthesis
  • Hydrolysis

Which of the following is a typical use of gums?

  • Film coating agents (correct)
  • Fuel additives
  • Plant growth regulators
  • Synthetic fertilizers

What happens to gums when they are placed in water?

<p>They either dissolve or form a viscous solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is considered a gum?

<p>Gum Acacia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From where are gums typically obtained?

<p>Trunk and branches of Acacia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gums related to solubility?

<p>Insoluble in most organic solvents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of substances can gums act as?

<p>Film coating agents, thickening agents, and emulsifiers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following constituents is produced from the hydrolysis of Arabic acid?

<p>L-arabinose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of the oxidase enzyme present in some pharmaceutical products?

<p>It enhances the destruction of many pharmaceutical products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Tragacanth solutions?

<p>Highly viscous with a long shelf life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Tragacanth contains methoxyl groups?

<p>Bassorin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which conditions is Tragacanth preferred for use?

<p>Highly acidic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is produced when morphine is tested with formaldehyde and sulfuric acid?

<p>Crimson red (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a latex?

<p>Opium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of agarose in agar-agar?

<p>Galactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the red color when dilute hydrochloric acid is added?

<p>It remains unchanged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extracts are made from the polysaccharides of Rhodophyceae?

<p>Agar-agar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a gum?

<p>Agar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is involved in preparing agar-agar from red algae?

<p>Spreading on the beach to dry (A), Boiling the algae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medical use of morphine?

<p>Effective pain killer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of gums?

<p>They have adhesive properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of heroin contributes to its high addiction potential?

<p>Stronger lipophilic properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of papaverine?

<p>Smooth muscle relaxant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with morphine's use?

<p>Respiratory depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is commonly used to administer heroin?

<p>Snorted or injected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of codeine as an alkaloid?

<p>Cough sedative for dry cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meconic acid commonly used to identify?

<p>Identity of powdered drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant bodily effect of morphine aside from pain relief?

<p>Constipation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of agaropectin in a solution?

<p>It affects the viscosity of the solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical test indicates the presence of agar-agar?

<p>Producing crimson red color with iodine solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gelatin is classified as what type of nutrient?

<p>Inadequate nutrient due to traces of essential amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when gelatin powder is mixed with soda lime?

<p>It yields ammonia odor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use for agar-agar?

<p>Biofuel production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important quality that gelatin must possess in relation to chondrin?

<p>It must not contain chondrin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what application is agarose commonly used?

<p>For electrophoresis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precipitate forms when tannic acid is added to a gelatin solution?

<p>A white precipitate forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification does Opium fall under based on its physical characteristics?

<p>Latex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is classified as a resin?

<p>Tolu balsam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is obtained from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L.?

<p>Opium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gum Tragacanth is an example of which classification of unorganized drugs?

<p>Gums (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a saccharin derivative?

<p>Aloes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes oleo-gum-resins?

<p>They are combinations of oils, gums, and resins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is in the category of extracts?

<p>Gelatin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Benzoin?

<p>Resin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of gums?

<p>They are often used for thickening. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification would you associate with Myrrh?

<p>Oleo-gum-resin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Latex

A milky fluid found in plants, often harvested for medicinal or commercial purposes.

Opium

A dried latex obtained from the unripe seed pods of the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.

Extract

A substance extracted from a plant, often by dissolving in a liquid.

Gum

A naturally occurring viscous substance found in some plants, often used as a thickener or stabilizer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Juice

A thick, sticky juice that comes from various plant sources.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resin

A solid, brittle, resinous substance, often obtained from trees.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Balsam

A resinous substance that is dissolved in a volatile oil, often used in perfumes or fragrances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oleo-gum-resin

A mixture of gum and resin, often found in plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resin and resin combinations

A sticky material obtained from the sap of plants, often used in pharmaceuticals or adhesives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saccharin derivatives

Products derived from bees, such as honey, propolis, venom, and royal jelly. These are all natural substances with various medicinal properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morphine Test

A chemical test for the presence of Morphine, where a crimson red color is produced when a sample is treated with formaldehyde and sulfuric acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extracts (Botanical)

A category of natural substances extracted from plants, often used in pharmaceutical or food applications. Examples include agar, gelatin, and aloes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agar-agar

A specific type of extract derived from various species of red algae. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food and laboratory applications. Also known as Japanese Isinglass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agarose

A neutral polysaccharide that is a key component of Agar-agar. It is composed of alternating galactose and 3,6 anhydrogalactose units.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Red Color Test (Hydrochloric Acid)

A chemical test used to identify certain substances, often involving a color change reaction. In this context, it refers to a test where adding hydrochloric acid to a solution doesn't make the red color disappear, indicating a particular chemical.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gums (Botanical)

A group of natural compounds, often derived from plant sources, that have sticky properties and are used in various applications like adhesives, thickeners, and stabilizers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latex (Botanical)

A category of natural substances obtained from plants, often in the form of dried latex. An example is opium, a milky substance extracted from poppy plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Juice (Botanical)

A category of natural substances obtained from plants, often in the form of thick liquids or extracts. Examples include aloe vera juice and some botanical extracts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morphine

A potent pain reliever commonly used for cancer pain management and before/after surgery. It can also suppress diarrhea but causes constipation. It affects the brain's respiratory center, leading to slowed breathing, and is highly addictive. Morphine constricts pupils and causes slight temperature drops and sweating.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heroin

A powerful opioid derived from morphine that is highly addictive and illegal. While initially thought to be a less respiratory-depressing substitute for morphine, heroin proved even more habit-forming.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkaloids

Natural compounds found in plants, often with medicinal properties. They are classified into various groups based on their chemical structure and pharmacological effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Codeine

A type of alkaloid known for its cough-suppressing properties, particularly effective against dry coughs. However, its effects are short-lived.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Papaverine

A type of alkaloid that does not cause addiction and acts as a smooth muscle relaxant, affecting organs like the digestive tract and reducing cough. It also dilates blood vessels in the brain and the rest of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meconic Acid Test

A test for identifying the presence of meconic acid, a marker for opium and its derivatives, like morphine and heroin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenanthrene Group

A group of alkaloids that includes codeine, morphine, and heroin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benzyl Isoquinoline Alkaloids

A group of alkaloids that includes papaverine. Known for its smooth muscle relaxing properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tragacanth

A natural gum obtained from the Astragalus gummifer plant. It's a complex mixture of polysaccharides, primarily tragacanthin and bassorin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tragacanthin

A component of tragacanth that is water-soluble and doesn't contain methoxyl groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bassorin

A component of tragacanth that is insoluble in water and contains about 5% methoxyl groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acacia

A natural gum obtained from the Acacia senegal tree. It's a complex polysaccharide that yields several sugars upon hydrolysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxidase enzyme in Acacia

An enzyme found in acacia that can break down certain pharmaceutical products, like phenols and some vitamins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agaropectin

A non-gelling component of agar that affects the viscosity of solutions. It's made up of uronic acid partially bonded with sulfuric acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Iodine Test for Agar-agar

A chemical test for agar-agar that produces a crimson red colour when reacted with iodine solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barium Chloride Test for Agar-agar

A chemical test for agar-agar, where a white precipitate forms upon adding barium chloride to an acidic solution of agar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gelatin

A soluble protein derived from collagen found in animal byproducts like bones, skin, and tendons. Used extensively in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soda Lime Test for Gelatin

A chemical test for gelatin where ammonia gas is released when gelatin powder is mixed with soda lime.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tannic Acid Test for Gelatin

A chemical test for gelatin where a white precipitate forms when a gelatin solution is mixed with tannic acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mineral Acid Test for Gelatin Adulteration

A chemical test to detect adulteration in gelatin. The presence of chondrin, a cartilage protein, is indicated by a precipitate forming when gelatin is mixed with mineral acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant-derived substances used in medicine

Substances from plants used in various preparations like medicines and cosmetics. They are classified based on their physical characteristics, like latex, extracts, juices, and gums.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is gum?

A type of plant-derived substance that is a sticky, viscous liquid or solid extracted from trees, often used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are gums chemically?

Gums are complex carbohydrates produced by plants in response to injury or stress. They are often polysaccharides or their salts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do gums behave in water?

Gums are usually insoluble in organic solvents like alcohol but often dissolve or form viscous solutions in water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why do plants produce gum?

Gums are produced by plants as a protective mechanism when they're injured or stressed. It's their way of healing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How are gums used in medicine?

Gums are used in various pharmaceutical formulations as viscosity enhancers, stabilizers, disintegrants, and more.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Gum acacia?

Gum acacia, also known as Arabic gum, is a natural gum obtained from acacia trees, primarily from Acacia senegal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the applications of Gum acacia?

Gum acacia has various uses, including as a binder, thickener, and emulsifier. It's also found in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Unorganized Drugs

  • Classified according to physical characteristics:
    • Latex (e.g., Opium)
    • Extracts (e.g., Agar, Gelatin)
    • Juice (e.g., Aloes)
    • Resins and resin combinations (e.g., colophony)
    • Balsams (e.g., Benzoin, Tolu balsam)
    • Gums (e.g., Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum)
    • Saccharin derivatives (e.g., Honey, Bee propolis, Bee venom, Royal jelly)
    • Oleo-gum-resins (e.g., Myrrh, Olibanum, Guggul, Asafoetida)

Opium

  • Air-dried latex from unripe Papaver somniferum L. capsules
  • Contains not less than 10% morphine and 2% codeine

Opium Collection and Preparation

  • Incisions made on green capsules in the afternoon
  • Incisions do not penetrate the endocarp
  • Exuded milky latex rapidly coagulates and turns brown

Opium, Opiates, and Opioids

  • Opium: Mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum
  • Opiate: Naturally occurring narcotic alkaloids in opium poppy (e.g., morphine, codeine)
  • Opioid: Natural or synthetic compounds with morphine-like action (e.g., enkephalins, endorphins)

Alkaloids (Phenanthrene Group): Morphine

  • Effective pain killer (cancer, pre/post-surgery)
  • Antiperistaltic (constipation) and respiratory depressant
  • Addictive
  • Constricts pupils, lowers temp and sweating

Heroin (Diacetyl Morphine)

  • Highly addictive synthetic morphine substitute
  • More lipophilic than morphine, more readily crossing the blood-brain barrier.
  • Commonly injected, snorted, or smoked

Alkaloids (Other): Codeine, Papaverine, Narceine

  • Codeine: Cough suppressant
  • Papaverine: Smooth muscle relaxant
  • Narceine: Additional alkaloid

Tests for Identity (e.g., Meconic Acid, Morphine)

  • Specific chemical tests to confirm the presence of certain drugs. Details of the tests are outlined in the provided texts

Extracts: Agar-Agar (Japanese Isinglass)

  • Polysaccharides from Rhodophyceae (red algae), primarily Gelidium.
  • Prepared by boiling, bleaching, concentrating and drying the algae
  • Used as a suspending, thickening, emulsifying agent in pharmaceuticals, nutrient medium in bacteriological cultures, and in electrophoresis and chromatography

Extracts: Gelatin

  • Soluble protein from collagen-containing materials (skin, bones, tendons).
  • Partial hydrolysis of collagen.
  • Used in suppositories, tablets, capsules, suspending and stabilizing agents, microencapsulation, and bacteriological culture media.
  • Not a complete nutrient; does not contain chondrin.

Gums: General Information

  • Hydrocolloids (either anionic or nonionic) polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides; produced by plants in response to injury or unfavorable conditions.
  • Heterogeneous polysaccharides producing a mixture of sugars and uronic acids upon hydrolysis.
  • Formed by enzymes (called gummosis)
  • Insoluble in most organic solvents, forming viscous colloidal solutions or jelly-like masses in water

Gums: Gum Acacia

  • Dried exudate from Acacia senegal.
  • Used as a suspending agent, in cough and cold preparations, wound healing, sore throat and treatment of diarrhea.
  • Contains Arabins (calcium salt of Arabic acid).
  • Yields L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, and L-rhamnose on hydrolysis.

Gums: Gum Tragacanth

  • Dried exudate from Astragalus gummifer.
  • High viscosity suspending agent in tablets, cosmetics.
  • Resistant to acidic conditions.
  • Contains water-soluble tragacanthin and water-insoluble bassorin.

Gums: Guar Gum (Guaran)

  • Obtained by grinding the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
  • Polysaccharide (galactomannan) producing galactose and mannose on hydrolysis.
  • Forms gels in water, even at low concentrations.

Juices (e.g., Aloes)

  • Concentrated, dried juice from Aloe species.
  • Contains hydroxyanthracene derivatives (e.g., barbaloin).
  • Used in various medications and treatments.
  • Prepared by cutting leaves and boiling the juice for concentration
  • Contains specific chemical compounds (e.g. aloe-emodin)
  • Used in some treatments for burns, and as a laxative/carminative.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Lecture 2 Unorganised Drugs - PUA PDF

Description

This quiz dives into the classification of unorganized drugs based on their physical characteristics, with a specific focus on opium. Learn about the collection, preparation, and differences between opium, opiates, and opioids. Test your knowledge on this intriguing topic that explores the medicinal and historical significance of these substances.

More Like This

Pharmacognosy: Classification of Crude Medicine
12 questions

Pharmacognosy Quiz: Classification of Crude Drugs

SatisfactoryBalalaika avatar
SatisfactoryBalalaika
Unorganized Drugs Quiz
30 questions

Unorganized Drugs Quiz

AccurateHydra avatar
AccurateHydra
Unorganized Drugs Classification
47 questions

Unorganized Drugs Classification

RejoicingDirac4979 avatar
RejoicingDirac4979
Pharmacognosy: Unorganized Drugs Overview
16 questions

Pharmacognosy: Unorganized Drugs Overview

RapturousProtactinium avatar
RapturousProtactinium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser