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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Which of the following is a leading cause of hospitalization in children?
What condition is characterized by inhalation of a foreign substance into the lungs?
Bronchiolitis obliterans leads to what kind of pulmonary condition?
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Which of the following best describes cystic fibrosis?
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What is the common trigger for asthma attacks?
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What condition results from acute lung injury and causes severe respiratory distress?
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Which factor is NOT associated with sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)?
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What is the effect of RSV-specific monoclonal antibody in high-risk infants?
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Which statement about pneumonia is true?
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What is a key characteristic of croup in children?
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Which pathogen is predominantly responsible for acute epiglottitis in children nowadays?
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What is a common complication of tonsillar infections?
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Which symptom is most likely to indicate aspiration of a foreign body in a child's airway?
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What defines obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children?
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Which condition is primarily a result of underdeveloped lungs due to prematurity?
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Which therapy is beneficial for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
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What typically causes atelectasis in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome?
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What is the typical onset pattern for spasmodic croup?
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Why has the incidence of acute epiglottitis decreased in children?
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Study Notes
Disorders of the Upper Airways
- Croup is an acute laryngotracheobronchitis primarily caused by the parainfluenza virus, leading to upper trachea swelling and a seal-like barking cough after rhinorrhea, sore throat, and low-grade fever.
- Spasmodic croup occurs in older children with a sudden onset barking cough at night, is fever-free, and has an unidentified cause.
- Acute epiglottitis is a serious airway infection that has decreased due to the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine, with new pathogens like GABHS, Candida, and Staphylococcus aureus emerging as common causes.
- Tonsillar infections often arise from GABHS and may be complicated by tonsillar abscesses.
- Aspiration of foreign bodies can lead to symptoms such as cough, hoarseness, stridor, wheezing, and dyspnea; severity varies with the obstruction's location, and laryngeal or tracheal blockage can be fatal.
- Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by intermittent upper airway obstruction during sleep, disrupting normal ventilation and sleep patterns.
Disorders of the Lower Airways
- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) typically affects premature infants lacking sufficient surfactant, resulting in atelectasis, shunting, and hypoxemia; prenatal steroids and surfactant therapy are key preventive measures.
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurs in infants needing ventilatory support and involves tissue injury, disrupted alveolar development, and may require prolonged oxygen therapy.
- Bronchiolitis, commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), presents with symptoms such as runny nose, wheezing, cough, and tachypnea in infants, particularly those at higher risk, who may receive RSV-specific monoclonal antibodies.
- Viral pneumonia is the most prevalent form of pneumonia in children and often precedes bacterial pneumonia, which leads to significant hospitalization; vaccination with the polyvariant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine helps in prevention.
- Aspiration pneumonitis results from inhalation of foreign substances into the lungs and leads to inflammatory responses.
- Bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare post-inflammatory condition characterized by fibrous tissue obliteration in the bronchioles, resulting in pulmonary impairment.
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition with reversible airflow obstruction, stemming from genetic, allergic, and viral factors, often linked to type I hypersensitivity reactions.
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arises from lung injury triggering inflammation and alveolar capillary damage, leading to severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure within 24 hours.
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that thickens airway secretions, causing chronic bacterial infections and long-term lung damage, although survival rates into adulthood are improving.
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death
- Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is the primary cause of postnatal death in infants outside the hospital, associated with low birth weight and improper sleeping positions; significant reductions in SUID have followed recommendations for placing infants on their backs during sleep.
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Description
This quiz covers key points from Chapter 28 of Huether's 'Understanding Pathophysiology, First Canadian Edition', focusing on alterations of pulmonary function in children. It discusses disorders of the upper airways, particularly croup and spasmodic croup, and their typical symptoms. Test your understanding of these critical respiratory conditions in pediatrics.
