Types of Terrorism by World System Location

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes Type-3 terrorism from Type-1 and Type-2 terrorism?

It focuses solely on ideological motives.

It crosses state boundaries and involves international connections. (correct)

It involves internal activities within a single nation.

It is non-political in nature.

What is the primary focus of the typology proposed by Lizardo and Bergesen?

Types of government responses to terrorism

The structural location of sub-state groups (correct)

The psychological motivations of terrorists

The financing of terrorism

Which group was noted for its significant transnational terrorist activities during the 1960s and 1970s?

Leftist terrorist organizations (correct)

Nationalist movements

Right-wing militants

Environmental activists

During which historical processes is terrorist activity found to be contained in either the periphery or core structural locations of the system?

Decolonization and system reorganization Signup and view all the answers

Which historical wave of terrorism originated from Russia at the end of the 19th century?

Anarchist terrorism Signup and view all the answers

According to the authors, how does the international community typically view terrorist activity during specific periods?

As internal and 'domestic' within affected nation states Signup and view all the answers

What was a common characteristic of the major anarchist figures mentioned?

They crossed state lines to carry out attacks. Signup and view all the answers

What ideological cast is associated with terrorism during periods of hegemonic supremacy?

Pragmatic and coherent ideologies Signup and view all the answers

What major event in the 19th century marked the beginning of modern Type-3 terrorism?

The anarchist activity in Russia. Signup and view all the answers

The current wave of religious terrorism began during which time period?

The last third of the 20th century Signup and view all the answers

What time span do Lizardo and Bergesen analyze terrorism in their study?

The last 130 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the wave of anarchist terrorism?

It involved international collaborations across Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of the study on types of terrorism by world system location?

Omar A. Lizardo and Albert J. Bergesen Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Type-3 terrorism, as discussed in the content?

It contributed to a rise in global awareness of transnational threats. Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely ideological motivation behind terrorist activity that is classified as national liberation?

To achieve sovereignty and independence Signup and view all the answers

What university are the authors affiliated with?

University of Arizona Signup and view all the answers

How did 19th century anarchist radicals view governmental forces?

As embodiments of evil to be eradicated Signup and view all the answers

What did Bakunin's theory of revolution encourage regarding the feelings of the oppressed?

Indifference to their suffering Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 'Revolutionary Catechism' authored by Bakunin?

To mix propaganda with tactical advice for revolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the emergence of the new type of terrorism discussed?

International system disorder Signup and view all the answers

What parallels can be drawn between Bakunin's ideology and contemporary ideologies as mentioned?

Both advocate for violent cleansing of perceived evil Signup and view all the answers

Which historical events exemplify Type-1 terrorism as described?

World revolutions of 1848 and 1968 Signup and view all the answers

How are nihilist political religions described in relation to 19th century anarchism and current extremism?

As variants concealing deeper political motives Signup and view all the answers

What often happens to the resource and support base of terrorist organizations over time?

It exhausts and leads to reduced activity Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the ideology of Type-3 terrorist organizations compared to Type-2 terrorism?

They arise from the failures of radical domestic terrorism Signup and view all the answers

The content refers to which group as an example of a radical leftist terrorist organization that ceased operations?

The German Red Army Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures was NOT mentioned as a major writer of radical anarchist pamphlets?

Leon Trotsky Signup and view all the answers

What type of ideological grievances do groups involved in Type-1 terrorism typically possess?

Specific grievances against particular core governments Signup and view all the answers

What element did 19th century anarchist thought incorporate from religion?

Christian apocalyptic themes and deification Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Type-1 terrorism regarding its duration and activity?

It can span decades before lessening or ceasing Signup and view all the answers

What type of terrorism is discussed as not fitting into the traditional ideological frameworks?

Anarchic religious terrorism Signup and view all the answers

Which era saw a resurgence of leftist-Marxist terrorist activity in European states?

After 1968 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons why terrorism is hard to categorize?

It presents a wide and sometimes contradictory array of features. Signup and view all the answers

What was emphasized in the theories of terrorism and revolution developed by Gurr in 1970?

Deprivation and autocratic exploitation. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of terrorism is described as emerging in core states with liberal democratic freedoms?

Type-2 terrorism. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the terrorist activities that emerged in Europe during the 1960s?

Loose cells with internal differentiation and complex ideologies. Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred in terrorism theories after 1979?

An emphasis on extreme fanaticism and mass destruction rhetoric. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following perspectives describes terrorists as 'freedom fighters'?

Those who view terrorism as a reaction to decolonization. Signup and view all the answers

What did theories popular during the 1960s and 1970s often focus on regarding terrorists?

Psychological factors and the concept of a 'terrorist personality'. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of terrorism is characterized by an 'ad hoc' and indiscriminate approach?

Postmodern terrorism. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Terrorism Typology

Authors Omar A. Lizardo and Albert J. Bergesen analyze terrorist activity through the lens of world system structural location.
The study presents a new typology that categorizes terrorism based on the geographic and political context of sub-state groups and their targets.
The analysis spans a historical period of 130 years, revealing patterns linked to global changes during decolonization and hegemonic shifts.

Characteristics of Terrorism During Systemic Change

Patterns show that during decolonization or periods of hegemonic dominance, terrorism tends to emerge in either periphery or core regions.
Ideological motivations of terrorism during these times are often pragmatic, focusing on national liberation or radical leftist goals.
Such terrorism is typically regarded domestically, seen as internal issues within the affected states.

Type-1 Terrorism: Terror in the Core

Type-1 terrorism is notable in core states and is characterized by sudden popular uprisings and prolonged struggles by ideologically driven factions.
Historical examples include the revolutions of 1848 and 1968 and various leftist movements in Europe.
Often, groups engaged in Type-1 terrorism exhaust their resources, leading to either a shift towards traditional activism or complete dissolution.

Type-2 and Type-3 Terrorism

Type-2 encompasses terrorism in the periphery and semiperiphery, often influenced by structural conditions.
Type-3 terrorism features transnational elements, crossing state boundaries and involving cooperation between groups in different locations.
Notable examples include leftist terrorism in Europe and Latin America from the 1960s-1970s.

Historical Waves of Terrorism

Two major historical waves of Type-3 terrorism:
- Anarchist terrorism from Russia in the late 19th century.
- Current waves of religious terrorism, emerging from the Middle East.
The anarchist wave involved high-profile assassinations of European leaders, indicating a strong international component to their activities.

Ideological Development and Differences

Anarchist movements combined nihilism with religious themes, demonstrating overlaps with modern radical ideologies.
Both 19th-century anarchism and contemporary Islamic radicalism share a desire to purify society through violence, albeit with different justifications.

The Challenge of Categorizing Terrorism

The typology illustrates the complexities and variations of terrorism, making it a difficult phenomenon to classify.
Differing views exist among researchers about terrorist motivations, ranging from rational actors to urban guerrilla tactics.
The evolution of terrorism in different global contexts leads to varying characteristics and strategies employed by terrorist groups.

Implications for Understanding Terrorism

Traditional theories based on deprivation and exploitation may not adequately explain terrorism arising from core states.
The shift toward understanding terrorist motivations from a psychological and ideological perspective arose during and after the Cold War.
The emergence of new theories reflects radical changes in terrorist tactics and ideologies, particularly since 1979.

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Explore the various types of terrorism as discussed in the article by Omar A. Lizardo and Albert J. Bergesen. This quiz will help you understand how terrorism varies across different world systems. Engage with concepts that are critical to sociology and international relations.