Questions and Answers
What types of groups typically use terrorism? (Select all that apply)
What does a WMD generally aim to do?
Bring about mass death, casualties, and/or massive damage to property and infrastructure.
How can WMD be classified? (Select all that apply)
Chemical agents can be in the form of ________.
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What are some examples of chemical agents?
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International terrorists are individuals from within their own country.
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What do biological agents include?
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What are indicators of a terrorist event? (Select all that apply)
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What does the red terror level alert signify?
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What is one of the first steps of EMT response to a suspected terrorist event?
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What is a secondary device intended to do?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the most toxic chemical ever produced?
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What are symptoms of exposure to nerve agents based on military mnemonics? (Choose one)
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Match the various biological agents to their classifications.
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Cyanide is a ________ gas with an odor similar to almonds.
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What are signs of acute radiation sickness at low exposure?
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Protective measures against radiation are complete.
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Study Notes
Types of Terrorism
- Groups engage in terrorism based on various ideologies: violent religious, extremist political, technology-oriented, and single-issue factions.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
- WMDs are agents intended for mass casualties and significant destruction to life and infrastructure.
- Classification includes nuclear, chemical, biological, and explosive types.
Chemical Agents
- Chemical agents can exist as powders, liquids, or vapors.
- Include vesicants (blister agents), respiratory agents (choking), nerve agents (organophosphates), and metabolic agents (blood agents).
International vs. Domestic Terrorism
- International terrorists operate outside their country, while domestic terrorists act within their home country.
Biological Agents
- Biological agents comprise viruses, bacteria, and neurotoxins.
Indicators of Terrorist Events
- Key indicators include location type, nature of calls (explosion or suspicious devices), multiple patients with similar symptoms, victims' statements, and pre-incident alerts.
Terror Level Alerts
- Alerts range from Red (severe risk) to Green (low risk) regarding potential terrorist attacks.
EMT Response Strategies
- First responders must ensure scene safety, manage their safety against contamination, notify relevant authorities, and establish command.
Secondary Devices
- Secondary devices are used to target responders and gain media coverage, arriving after the initial event.
Routes of Exposure
- Agents enter the body through inhalation, skin contact, or other methods.
Vesicants
- Blister agents primarily affect the skin, with serious complications from infection post-exposure. Decontamination is crucial before administering basic life support.
Pulmonary Agents
- Gases like chlorine and phosgene cause lung damage upon inhalation, potentially leading to pulmonary edema.
Phosgene Gas
- A WMD commonly encountered in industrial settings, symptoms can be delayed, complicating recognition and treatment.
Nerve Agents
- Nerve agents are highly lethal, designed for mass casualties with rapid onset of effects including potential cardiac arrest.
G Agents
- Developed post-WWI, G agents vary in volatility and lethality, affecting humans via inhalation or skin contact.
Symptoms of Nerve Agent Exposure
- Military mnemonic: SLUDGEM (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastric upset, emesis, muscle twitching).
- Medical mnemonic: DUMBELS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, seizures).
Antidotes
- MARK 1 or NAAK is the antidote for nerve agents; absence of treatment can lead to seizures and death.
Metabolic Agents
- Cyanide derivatives affect the body's oxygen usage, with effects that can manifest in seconds to minutes.
Biological Agents - Viral
- Smallpox is notably contagious, requiring stringent bio-security precautions. Viral hemorrhagic fevers, like Ebola, can result in severe internal bleeding.
Anthrax & Plague
- Anthrax presents in cutaneous, gastrointestinal, or inhalation forms, and can have high mortality rates if untreated. Bubonic plague is transmitted via fleas and not contagious while pneumonic plague is aerosolized and can spread between individuals.
Neurotoxins
- Botulism and Ricin are neurotoxins; both can be disseminated through various means but are not contagious.
Syndromic Surveillance
- Health departments monitor patient presentations in emergencies as part of a larger effort to track potential biological threats.
Points of Distribution
- Strategic locations for mass distribution of medical supplies in emergencies.
Radiological Dispersal Devices
- Designed to disperse radioactive material, their destructive capacity relies on the explosives used rather than the radiation itself.
Radiation Exposure
- Symptoms of acute radiation sickness vary from nausea to severe burns and possible death, depending on exposure levels.
Protective Measures
- Distance, minimized exposure time, and appropriate shielding can provide some protection from radiological threats.
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Description
Explore the different types of terrorism based on ideology, the nature and classification of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs), and indicators of potential terrorist events. This quiz covers aspects from international to domestic terrorism and various agents classified as chemical and biological.
