Thyroid Anatomy and Physiology
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Thyroid Anatomy and Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

  • Production of parathyroid hormone
  • Regulation of calcium homeostasis
  • Endocrine control of metabolic rate of tissues (correct)
  • Regulation of blood sugar levels

    • What is the site of thyroid hormone synthesis?

  • Parafollicular C cells
  • Pituitary gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithelial cells of the follicles (correct)

    • What is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Calcium
  • Iodine (correct)
  • Parathyroid hormone

    • What is the effect of thyroid hormones on metabolic rate?

    <p>Increase in metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on growth and development?

    <p>Stimulation of linear growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do thyroid hormones travel in the blood?

    <p>Bound to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones on target cells?

    <p>Diffusion into target cells and binding to intracellular receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in thyroid hormone regulation?

    <p>Release of thyroid-releasing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high T3 and T4 levels on TSH production?

    <p>Suppression of TSH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parafollicular C cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Release of calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of synergy with catecholamines?

    <p>Increased physiological effects of T3, T4, and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of calcitonin?

    <p>Reduce Ca2+ levels in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of calcitonin?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of underproduction of thyroid hormones in childhood?

    <p>Short stature and mental impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Tiredness and lack of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hyperthyroidism in most cases?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Nervousness and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hormone tablets to replace missing thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase?

    <p>To pump constantly, expressing synergy with catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate?

    <p>To increase heat generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates Ca2+ homeostasis?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of thyroid hormone deficiency in childhood?

    <p>Decreased growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high TSH levels on the hypothalamus?

    <p>Suppression of TRH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parafollicular C cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>To produce calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of synergy between thyroid hormones and catecholamines?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological effect of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Increasing energy production in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thyroid gland in regulating metabolic rate?

    <p>To increase metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcitonin?

    <p>Decreasing calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Depression and sensitivity to cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>Thyroid stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of thyroid hormone excess?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of synergy between thyroid hormones and catecholamines?

    <p>Increasing the physiological effects of both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating thyroid hormone levels?

    <p>To regulate thyroid hormone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone?

    <p>Increasing calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite effect of calcitonin?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

    <p>Taking hormone tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Increasing it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hyperthyroidism in most cases?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on growth and development?

    <p>Promoting growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of underproduction of thyroid hormones in adults?

    <p>Weight gain and decreased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which parathyroid hormone regulates Ca2+ levels?

    <p>Increasing Ca2+ release from bones and increasing reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of calcitonin on Ca2+ levels?

    <p>Decreases Ca2+ levels by stopping its release from bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Increases basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of synergy between thyroid hormones and catecholamines?

    <p>Increases the physiological effects of thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Sensitivity to heat and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Na+/K+ ATPase in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Is always active and helps to maintain the thyroid gland's function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulatory mechanism of parathyroid hormone release?

    <p>Negative feedback by Ca2+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of overproduction of thyroid hormones in adults?

    <p>Weight loss and increased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, what is the effect of high T3 and T4 levels on TSH production?

    <p>Suppression of TSH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on metabolic rate?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcitonin in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of synergy between thyroid hormones and catecholamines?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thyroid gland in regulating metabolic rate?

    <p>Regulation of basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parafollicular C cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Release of calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormones on growth and development?

    <p>Increased growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones on target cells?

    <p>Releasing a repressor from certain genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

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