Research quiz - Week 1 (pt2)

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Which term refers to a framework of thought or beliefs by which reality is interpreted?

Paradigm (correct)

Determinism

Probabilistic causes

Normal science

What is the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors?

Paradigm

Probabilistic causes

Normal science

Determinism (correct)

Which term refers to a weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur?

Paradigm

Probabilistic causes (correct)

Determinism

Normal science

What is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real?

Reality in nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the improvement due to participants' expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment?

Placebo Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to representing constructs by a specific set of operations?

Operational definition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it?

Operationalization Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the reproduction of the results of a study in a new study?

Replication Signup and view all the answers

What is the quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies?

Meta-analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an explanation of how and why something operates?

Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning?

Rationalism Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the acquisition of knowledge through experience?

Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a deductive approach to science that focuses on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science?

Falsificationism Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between induction and deduction?

Induction involves going from the general to the specific, while deduction involves going from the specific to the general. Signup and view all the answers

What is naturalism?

A position popular in behavioural science stating that science should justify its practices according to how well they work. Signup and view all the answers

What is Kuhn’s approach to science?

Intuition Signup and view all the answers

Why has Feyerabend argued that there is no such thing as a method of science?

Because science is a complex and evolving process that cannot be reduced to a single method. Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumption that it is possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature?

Discoverability Signup and view all the answers

What is the most trustworthy way of acquiring reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world?

Science Signup and view all the answers

What is present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence?

Empirical adequacy Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the philosophy of empiricism?

John Locke Signup and view all the answers

According to Locke, what is the state of the mind at birth?

A blank slate Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of all knowledge according to empiricist philosophy?

Our senses Signup and view all the answers

What is the early system of psychology known as associationism based on?

Empiricist philosophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method dominant from the late seventeenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century?

Induction Signup and view all the answers

What did logical positivism emphasize as the most important aspect of science?

Verification of hypotheses by observation or experience Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to acquiring knowledge refers to accepting information or facts stated by a highly respected source?

Authority Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that knowledge derived from reason was just as valid as, and often superior to, knowledge gained from observation?

René Descartes Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to acquiring knowledge is a type of rationalism and is used extensively in many areas of science such as physics?

Rationalism Signup and view all the answers

What is a danger of relying solely on rationalism for acquiring knowledge?

Reaching different conclusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the dominant mode by which one could arrive at truth during the sixteenth century?

Rationalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning?

Rationalism Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to representing constructs by a specific set of operations?

Operational definition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it?

Operational definition Signup and view all the answers

What did Donald Campbell criticize about operational definitions?

They are incomplete Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of multiple measures of a construct called?

Multiple operationalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the improvement due to participants' expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment?

Placebo Effect Signup and view all the answers

What did Campbell suggest as a way to obtain a more accurate representation of a construct?

Using multiple measures Signup and view all the answers

According to Popper, science should focus on stating bold hypotheses followed by attempts to falsify them. This approach is known as

Falsificationism Signup and view all the answers

According to Kuhn, during a period of normal science, a community of scientists is governed by

A single paradigm Signup and view all the answers

Which paradigm in the field of psychology of learning believed that learning is achieved through the conditioning and extinction of specific stimulus–response pairs?

Mechanistic paradigm Signup and view all the answers

According to Feyerabend, what is the single unchanging principle of scientific method?

Anything goes Signup and view all the answers

What does Feyerabend argue about scientific knowledge?

It is partially the result of the operation of power Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning?

Deduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of operationalism?

The belief that science must be specific and precise and that each concept must be defined by the steps or operations used to measure them. Signup and view all the answers

According to B. F. Skinner, what is science?

A search for order, for uniformities, for lawful relations among the events in nature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the belief that there are causes, or determinants, of mental processes and behavior?

Determinism Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real?

Realism Signup and view all the answers

What is the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors?

Naturalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the deductive approach to science that focuses on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science?

Falsificationism Signup and view all the answers

Research quiz - Week 1 (pt2)

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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to a framework of thought or beliefs by which reality is interpreted?

What is the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors?

Which term refers to a weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur?

What is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real?

What is the improvement due to participants' expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment?

Which term refers to representing constructs by a specific set of operations?

What is the term for defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it?

Which term refers to the reproduction of the results of a study in a new study?

What is the quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies?

Which term refers to an explanation of how and why something operates?

Which term refers to the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning?

Which term refers to the acquisition of knowledge through experience?

Which term refers to a deductive approach to science that focuses on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science?

What is the difference between induction and deduction?

What is naturalism?

What is Kuhn’s approach to science?

Why has Feyerabend argued that there is no such thing as a method of science?

What is the assumption that it is possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature?

What is the most trustworthy way of acquiring reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world?

What is present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence?

Who is credited with developing the philosophy of empiricism?

According to Locke, what is the state of the mind at birth?

What is the origin of all knowledge according to empiricist philosophy?

What is the early system of psychology known as associationism based on?

What is the scientific method dominant from the late seventeenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century?

What did logical positivism emphasize as the most important aspect of science?

Which approach to acquiring knowledge refers to accepting information or facts stated by a highly respected source?

Who argued that knowledge derived from reason was just as valid as, and often superior to, knowledge gained from observation?

Which approach to acquiring knowledge is a type of rationalism and is used extensively in many areas of science such as physics?

What is a danger of relying solely on rationalism for acquiring knowledge?

What is the term for the dominant mode by which one could arrive at truth during the sixteenth century?

What is the term for the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning?

Which term refers to representing constructs by a specific set of operations?

What is the term for defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it?

What did Donald Campbell criticize about operational definitions?

What is the use of multiple measures of a construct called?

What is the term for the improvement due to participants' expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment?

What did Campbell suggest as a way to obtain a more accurate representation of a construct?

According to Popper, science should focus on stating bold hypotheses followed by attempts to falsify them. This approach is known as

According to Kuhn, during a period of normal science, a community of scientists is governed by

Which paradigm in the field of psychology of learning believed that learning is achieved through the conditioning and extinction of specific stimulus–response pairs?

According to Feyerabend, what is the single unchanging principle of scientific method?

What does Feyerabend argue about scientific knowledge?

What is the term for the acquisition of knowledge through reasoning?

What is the principle of operationalism?

According to B. F. Skinner, what is science?

What is the belief that there are causes, or determinants, of mental processes and behavior?

What is the assumption that the things we see, hear, feel, smell, and taste are real?

What is the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors?

What is the deductive approach to science that focuses on falsifying hypotheses as the key criterion of science?

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