The Enlightenment and Its Philosophers
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Questions and Answers

Who believed in a monarch with absolute power?

  • Rousseau
  • John Locke
  • Thomas Hobbes (correct)
  • Montesquieu

    • Rousseau believed that personal sin was the primary cause of societal issues.

    False

    What did Thomas Jefferson use to justify independence?

    Enlightenment ideals

    _________ was one of the first public figures to openly declare his atheism.

    <p>Voltaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophers with their beliefs:

    <p>John Locke = Monarch with restrictions on power Montesquieu = Best form of government is British Rousseau = Equality and abolition of the class system Hobbes = Absolute monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Enlightenment ruler is known for introducing freedom of the press?

    <p>Joseph of Austria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kant believed that reason is dependent on individual experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Frederick of Prussia do to improve education?

    <p>He reformed the education system and reduced censorship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did John Locke assert that influenced the Declaration of Independence?

    <p>People have the right to rebel against unjust rulers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Navigation Act allowed colonists to sell their products to any country they chose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document protects the rights of individual citizens in the United States?

    <p>The Bill of Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adam Smith argued that wealth is not fixed and new wealth can be created through _______.

    <p>economic freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following acts and concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>The Stamp Act = First tax imposed on American colonies requiring printed materials to use stamped paper The Navigation Act = Prevented colonists from selling valuable products to countries other than Britain Checks and Balances = System ensuring that no branch of government becomes too powerful Constitutional Convention = Gathering to address the weaknesses of America's national government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Enlightenment thinkers influenced the delegates at the Constitutional Convention?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The revolutionary era marked the first significant challenge to American slavery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The new system of government created after the Constitutional Convention included _______ branches.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?

    <p>The storming of the Bastille</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marie Antoinette was supportive of the French Revolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the document that outlined the rights of man during the French Revolution?

    <p>The Declaration of the Rights of Man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XVI was executed by the use of the ______ in 1793.

    <p>guillotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their descriptions:

    <p>Storming of the Bastille = Symbolic start of the revolution Reign of Terror = Mass execution of perceived enemies Estates General Meeting = First meeting in over 100 years National Assembly Formation = First act of defiance against the king</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the radical government during the Reign of Terror?

    <p>Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XVI successfully fled France in 1791.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the French National Assembly's declaration of war on Austria in April 1792?

    <p>To protect Marie Antoinette and counter fears of foreign intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the execution of Marie-Antoinette?

    <p>The reign of terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Jacobins were initially a moderate faction during the Revolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the leaders of the Jacobins.

    <p>Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The First Estate was founded by the __________.

    <p>Roman Catholic Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factions with their descriptions:

    <p>Jacobins = Radical faction responsible for the Reign of Terror Girodins = Moderate faction preferring constitutional monarchy Royalists = Supported monarchy but preferred enlightened rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant oath did the members of the Third Estate take?

    <p>Tennis Court Oath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Third Estate comprised only farmers and laborers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main characteristic of the Second Estate?

    <p>Rich nobles who owned 20% of the land and paid almost no taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Bastille a symbol of during the French Revolution?

    <p>French tyranny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Assembly was formed by the Estates General.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for the murder of George Danton?

    <p>Maximilien Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main method of execution during the French Revolution was the __________.

    <p>guillotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the figures to their roles in the French Revolution:

    <p>Maximilien Robespierre = Key leader of the revolution responsible for many executions George Danton = Advocate for the working class turned victim of the revolution Jean Jacques Rousseau = Philosopher whose ideas influenced revolutionaries Marat = Political theorist who advocated violence against revolution's opponents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Angry Fish Wives demand when they marched on Versailles?

    <p>To kill the royals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marie Antoinette's nickname was 'Madame Deficit' due to her frugal lifestyle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oath did the Third Estate sign pledging not to disband until action was taken?

    <p>Tennis Court Oath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary cause of the American Revolution?

    <p>Sense that the English monarch was infringing on rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The French Revolution rejected Christianity as a unifying factor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the American Revolutionaries have in common in terms of their approach to defeating the English?

    <p>Unity in purpose and fighting on the same side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The French Revolution was led by a growing _________ towards the monarchy.

    <p>cynicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events or beliefs to the correct revolution:

    <p>Divine moral order = American Revolution Reign of Terror = French Revolution Attempts to eliminate religious tyranny = French Revolution Unity among colonists = American Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major societal issue leading up to the French Revolution?

    <p>Starvation and unemployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    American revolutionaries associated religion with government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Catholic Church did the French Revolutionaries target?

    <p>Connection to the monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the French Revolution, Robespierre attempted to do away with both religion and _________.

    <p>the monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one key difference in the role of religion between the American and French Revolutions?

    <p>Religion was a unifying factor in the American Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The American Revolution

    • Recall the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestant groups following Luther's ideas
    • This led to the empowerment of the individual, inspiring the Enlightenment
    • Philosophers like John Locke and Thomas Hobbes influenced the age of reason
    • Hobbes believed in a monarch with absolute power
    • Locke advocated for restricted monarchical power

    French Philosophers

    • Voltaire: an early public figure, declared atheism and advocated for intellectual freedom
    • Montesquieu: influenced by Locke and believed the British system was the best form of government
    • Rousseau: stated "man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains," arguing for equality and abolition of class systems
    • Disagreed with the idea of personal sin

    The Enlightenment

    • Immanuel Kant stated that reason is universal and independent of experience
    • Enlightenment thinking can produce dangerous notions from breaking from historical constraints
    • Key Enlightened Rulers
    • Frederick of Prussia: granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education. Reformed justice system and abolished torture
    • Joseph of Austria: introduced press freedom and abolished serfdom
    • Catherine of Russia: introduced freedom of worship and abolished serfdom

    The Influence of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution

    • Leaders, including Thomas Jefferson, used Enlightenment ideals to justify independence (1776)
    • Locke's ideas on natural rights and the right to rebel were incorporated into the Declaration of Independence
    • Declarations emphasized the concept that governments are created to secure individual rights, mirroring Enlightenment principles

    Timeline of the French Revolution

    • 1774: Louis XVI becomes King
    • 1789: France faces a severe financial crisis and the Estates General convenes
    • 1789(June): The National Assembly is formed and the Tennis Court Oath is sworn.
    • 1789(July): The storming of the Bastille occurs
    • 1789 (August): The Declaration of the Rights of Man is written
    • 1791: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempt to flee, but are captured
    • 1792: France declares war on Austria, putting Marie Antoinette in danger
    • 1792 (August-September): The September Massacres occur
    • 1793: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed by guillotine
    • 1793: France declares war on England, Netherlands, Spain
    • 1793: Robespierre, Marat, and Danton gain control, leading to the Reign of Terror, with thousands executed
    • 1794: Robespierre is executed
    • 1795: The Directory is established

    Factions Among the Revolution

    • Jacobins: began as an independent club and were responsible for the reign of terror, becoming more totalitarian
    • Girondins: moderate, preferred a constitutional monarchy and disliked the Reign of Terror
    • Royalists: favored the king

    Role of Religion in the Revolutions

    • American Revolution- most Americans never associated religion with government but viewed the Revolution as divinely ordained
    • French Revolution-Catholic Church was closely tied to the monarchy and Robespierre attempted to remove religious influence

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    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts and thinkers of the Enlightenment period, including the influence of the Thirty Years' War, and the philosophies of figures like Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. Understand how these ideas shaped modern governance and individual rights.

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