Enlightenment Philosophers and Ideas
79 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was a significant characteristic of the Enlightenment intellectuals' approach to understanding life?

  • They favored mystical explanations of the universe.
  • They applied the scientific method. (correct)
  • They relied primarily on religious texts.
  • They emphasized historical narratives.

Which philosopher argued that individuals are born with a 'blank mind' and are shaped by their experiences?

  • René Descartes
  • John Locke (correct)
  • David Hume
  • Voltaire

Which of the following terms was NOT highlighted as a key concept by Enlightenment thinkers?

  • Hope
  • Progress
  • Natural law
  • Supernatural intervention (correct)

Isaac Newton's contributions most significantly influenced Enlightenment thinkers' views on society by suggesting that:

<p>natural laws govern the physical world and can be applied to human society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the concept of 'philosophe' play in the context of the Enlightenment?

<p>It encompassed a broad range of intellectuals including writers and reformers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Montesquieu establish as a means to prevent an accumulation of power in government?

<p>Checks and balances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical approach did Voltaire promote that emphasized reason and natural law?

<p>Deism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of Diderot's Encyclopedia?

<p>To change the general way of thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What basic roles did Adam Smith assign to government in a laissez-faire economic system?

<p>Protect against invasion and defend property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Enlightenment thinkers view the concept of the rule of law?

<p>As a foundational principle for equality among citizens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key belief held by Enlightenment thinkers regarding the role of government?

<p>Government exists to protect the natural rights of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monarch is associated with the development of enlightened absolutism in Prussia?

<p>Frederick William I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major reform is attributed to Joseph II of Austria?

<p>Ending serfdom and the death penalty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Catherine II's policies in Russia?

<p>Territorial expansion at the expense of social reforms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a characteristic of enlightened absolutism as practiced by the European monarchs?

<p>Monarchs attempted reforms while largely preserving royal authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of enlightenment thought did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge most directly?

<p>The moral superiority of men over women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary work is associated with the themes of immorality and survival through cunning as written by Henry Fielding?

<p>The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the growth of publishing during the Enlightenment?

<p>The increase in literacy among the middle class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did secularism influence political thinking during the Enlightenment?

<p>It separated religious influence from governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artistic style emerged in the 1730s, departing from the grandeur of previous styles?

<p>Rococo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key role of salons during the Enlightenment?

<p>They facilitated the exchange of Enlightenment ideas among influential thinkers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Wilberforce is best known for his efforts in which area?

<p>Abolishing the slave trade in Britain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant stylistic shift that Rococo emphasized compared to Baroque art?

<p>An emphasis on grace and charm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following works were significant creations of Franz Joseph Haydn during his period of musical 'liberty'?

<p>The Seasons (A), The Creation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Enlightenment musicians is true?

<p>They shifted focus from noble patrons to a wider audience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of the Scientific Revolution on society?

<p>The promotion of empirical observation and experimentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the architectural style of the 18th century differ from that of previous periods?

<p>It integrated secular and spiritual elements into grand designs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable feature of the painting 'Embarkation for Cythera' by Antoine Watteau?

<p>It illustrated themes of joy intertwined with sadness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation greatly influenced the sharing of scientific knowledge during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Improvements to the movable-type printing press (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of patents during the Enlightenment?

<p>They allowed inventors to protect their work and earn royalties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the music composed during the Classical era?

<p>Music designed for public concerts and wider audiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Otto von Guericke to the field of science?

<p>He invented the air pump. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Isaac Newton's contribution to scientific thought?

<p>He developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did mathematics play during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>It provided tools for analyzing scientific observations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Enlightenment thinkers challenge previous societal concepts?

<p>By emphasizing reason and natural rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key idea of John Locke's philosophy?

<p>Humans are born with a blank mind and natural rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for during the Enlightenment?

<p>Women's rights and educational equality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assertion can be made about the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

<p>The Scientific Revolution led to questioning of traditional authorities supported by Enlightenment thinkers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known for creating the scientific method based on inductive reasoning?

<p>Francis Bacon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did René Descartes contribute to the evolution of scientific thought?

<p>He advocated for reason as the primary source of knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Enlightenment intellectuals in their application of reason?

<p>To apply the scientific method to all aspects of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Isaac Newton's concept of the 'world machine' influence Enlightenment thinkers?

<p>It encouraged seeking natural laws governing human behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant philosophical contribution did John Locke make regarding the nature of humans?

<p>People can be molded by their sensory experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Enlightenment thinkers perceive the potential for societal improvement?

<p>They maintained that improved societal conditions were achievable through reason and experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'philosophe' in relation to the Enlightenment?

<p>It identified a group of reform-minded individuals across various professions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system did Montesquieu propose to limit governmental power and ensure a balance among branches?

<p>Separation of powers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the essence of deism as supported by Voltaire?

<p>A belief in a non-interfering creator who set the universe in motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia?

<p>To challenge superstition and promote rational thought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher's ideas directly influenced the development of laissez-faire economics?

<p>Adam Smith (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept did Rousseau argue was essential for the governance of society?

<p>Governance through the general will of the people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the emergence of enlightened absolutism during the eighteenth century?

<p>Aiming to align royal powers with Enlightenment principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader is associated with social structure maintenance despite initial reforms?

<p>Frederick II of Prussia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence of Joseph II's reforms in Austria is highlighted in the content?

<p>Alienation of the nobles and failure of reforms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key idea underpinned Enlightenment thinkers' view on government legitimacy?

<p>Governments exist to protect natural rights of individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the overall impact of Enlightenment thought on revolutions in America and France?

<p>It motivated people to demand increased rights and representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the increase in literacy during the Enlightenment?

<p>The emergence of a new reading public among the middle class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the transformation in women's roles advocated by Mary Wollstonecraft?

<p>Women are entitled to the same rights as men in all areas of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did salons play in the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas?

<p>They fostered conversations among elite intellectuals, spreading new ideas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics accurately distinguishes the Rococo style from Baroque architecture?

<p>Rococo emphasized elegance and lightness rather than grandeur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common criticism of Enlightenment thinkers regarding women's position in society?

<p>They contended women lacked the capacity for reason. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the growth of secularism during the Enlightenment promote?

<p>The idea that individuals could govern themselves without religious influence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is notable for critiquing the social and political norms of his time through satirical works?

<p>Jean-Baptiste Molière (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best distinguishes the Rococo style from Baroque art?

<p>Use of delicate designs and gentle themes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of Haydn's visits to England on his compositional style?

<p>He incorporated more public concert influences into his works. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Enlightenment philosophy did Francis Bacon's scientific method most significantly promote?

<p>Empirical evidence and experimentation as the basis of knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the architecture of the 18th century incorporate elements from earlier styles?

<p>It drew more on Italian Baroque rather than French classical styles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation greatly facilitated the dissemination of scientific knowledge during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Enhancements to the movable-type printing press (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary thematic contrast in Antoine Watteau's 'Embarkation for Cythera'?

<p>Elation juxtaposed with a sense of sadness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect did innovative thinkers form societies like the Royal Society of London to address?

<p>To share and debate scientific discoveries and methodologies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable advancement did Johannes Kepler contribute to the understanding of the natural world?

<p>The laws of planetary motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the essence of Mozart's contributions during the Classical era?

<p>Innovating the structure and emotional depth of musical compositions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist's work laid the foundation for the field of chemistry during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Antoine Lavoisier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement played a crucial role in the ability to study gases and vacuums?

<p>The air pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core principle did René Descartes assert to guide the pursuit of knowledge?

<p>Reason is the chief source of knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Simon Stevin make to mathematics that impacted scientific calculations?

<p>He popularized decimal fractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for the idea of a 'social contract' to achieve liberty?

<p>Rousseau (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key innovation emerged during the Scientific Revolution that greatly influenced knowledge dissemination?

<p>The printing press (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts did John Locke NOT assert about human nature?

<p>Humans are inherently selfish and violent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area did James Watt make a significant advancement?

<p>The refinement of the steam engine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enlightenment

An 18th-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason and scientific methods to understand the world and improve society.

Age of Reason

Another name for the Enlightenment, highlighting its focus on using reason to understand the world and solve problems.

Natural Law

Rules governing the natural world and society, found through observation and reason.

Tabula Rasa

The idea that a person is born with a blank mind and shaped by experience.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Philosophe

An Enlightenment thinker, often a writer, social reformer, or intellectual.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the social contract?

An agreement where individuals give up some rights in exchange for government protection and benefits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enlightened Absolutism

Rulers attempting to govern by Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Frederick the Great

Prussian king who embraced Enlightenment ideas, reformed laws, but kept serfdom and a rigid social structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Joseph II

Austrian emperor who attempted widespread reforms like ending serfdom and establishing equality before the law, but faced resistance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catherine the Great

Russian empress who considered legal reforms, but favored nobility and expanded serfdom, leading to peasant rebellion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Separation of Powers

A system of government where power is divided among different branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laissez-faire economics

An economic system where individuals are free to pursue their own economic interests with minimal government intervention. The "invisible hand" of the market guides the economy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Contract Theory

The idea that governments derive their legitimacy from the agreement of the governed. People give up some freedoms for protection and order.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deism

A religious philosophy emphasizing reason and natural law. God created the universe but doesn't interfere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Balance of Power

A political concept where nations maintain similar power to prevent any one state from dominating others, achieved through alliances and military strength

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rise of the Middle Class

The growth of a new social class with more wealth and access to education, leading to increased literacy and interest in books.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Satire in Literature

Using humor and exaggeration to criticize society, often through comedic works like plays and novels

Signup and view all the flashcards

Salons and Enlightenment

Gatherings in aristocratic homes where intellectuals, writers, and artists discussed new ideas during the Enlightenment era.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mary Wollstonecraft's Argument

Challenged Enlightenment thinkers on the limitations of equality and argued for women's rights to education, economic freedom, and political participation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secularism during the Enlightenment

The increasing separation of religion from government and education, emphasizing the role of reason over religious authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abolitionists and Slavery

Individuals who fought against the practice of slavery, arguing it violated natural rights and advocating for their liberation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant scientific discoveries that changed European views of the universe and the natural world. It emphasized observation, experimentation, and mathematical analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What made new discoveries possible during the Scientific Revolution?

New instruments like the telescope allowed for new observations and the printing press spread ideas quickly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inductive Reasoning

A scientific method where observations are used to draw general conclusions and create theories. Francis Bacon promoted this approach.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

One of Newton's laws of motion explaining that objects attract each other with a force proportional to their mass. This force keeps planets in orbit around the sun.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Montesquieu's Contribution

A philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government, dividing authority between different branches to prevent tyranny.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Voltaire's Beliefs

A philosopher known for challenging religious authority and advocating for freedom of speech and religious tolerance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Rousseau's 'Social Contract'?

The idea that individuals voluntarily give up some freedoms in exchange for the benefits of living in a community governed by the 'general will.'

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rococo Art

An 18th-century artistic style that emphasized grace, charm, and delicate designs, often using gold and curves. It was known for its focus on happiness, love, and the pleasures of the upper class.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antoine Watteau

A French painter known for his Rococo style, capturing the elegant world of the upper class. His most famous work is 'Embarkation for Cythera,' which depicts a scene of leisurely departure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classical Music Era

A period in music history following the Baroque era, characterized by a shift towards simpler melodies, clearer structures, and a focus on balance and clarity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Franz Joseph Haydn

A prolific composer during the Classical era, known for his symphonies, string quartets, and operas. He was influential in developing the symphony and sonata forms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

One of the most celebrated composers in history, known for his operas, symphonies, and concertos. His music is renowned for its beauty, complexity, and emotional power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Balthasar Neumann

A prominent architect of the 18th century, known for blending secular and spiritual elements in his designs. His masterpieces include the Church of the Fourteen Saints and the Residence palace in Würzburg.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to understanding the natural world, involving observation, experimentation, data analysis, and drawing conclusions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Johannes Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Mathematical laws that describe the orbits of planets around the sun, showing that they are not circular but elliptical, and move at varying speeds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about the human mind?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that individuals were born with a blank mind, or "tabula rasa," and shaped by their experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What did the Enlightenment focus on?

The Enlightenment emphasized the use of reason and scientific methods to understand the world and improve society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was the world machine?

Isaac Newton believed the physical world and everything in it operated according to natural laws, like a giant machine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who were the philosophes?

Philosophes were Enlightenment intellectuals, writers, reformers, and thinkers who aimed to improve society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How did John Locke influence Enlightenment thinkers?

Locke argued that people were molded by their experiences, suggesting that with a changed environment, a better society could be created.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Checks and Balances

A system where different branches of government limit each other's power, preventing one from becoming too strong.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Contract

An agreement where individuals give up some freedoms in exchange for the benefits of living in a society with laws and government.

Signup and view all the flashcards

General Will

The collective will of the people, according to Rousseau, which should guide government decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights inherent to all humans, such as freedom, equality, and the right to life, liberty, and property. These rights are believed to be independent of government and cannot be taken away.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about government's role in protecting rights?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that governments exist to protect individuals' natural rights and freedoms, and if they fail to do so, the people have the right to overthrow them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What was the role of salons during the Enlightenment?

Salons were gatherings in aristocratic homes where intellectuals, writers, and artists discussed new ideas during the Enlightenment era.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secularism in the Enlightenment

The increasing separation of religion from government and education, emphasizing the role of reason over religious authority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Rococo art?

An 18th-century artistic style that emphasized grace, charm, and delicate designs, often using gold and curves. It was known for its focus on happiness, love, and the pleasures of the upper class.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Balthasar Neumann's Architecture

A prominent architect of the 18th century, known for blending secular and spiritual elements in his designs. His masterpieces include the Church of the Fourteen Saints and the Residence palace in Würzburg.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Johannes Kepler

His Laws of Planetary Motion revealed that planets orbit the sun in elliptical paths, not circles, and move at varying speeds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

The Enlightenment

  • Eighteenth-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason and applying scientific method to all aspects of life
  • Inspired by Scientific Revolution achievements; "Age of Reason"
  • Key figures: Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Isaac Newton
  • Reason = applying scientific method to understand life
  • Goal: improved society through natural law, hope, reason, and progress

Enlightenment Thinkers

  • John Locke: Argued every person is born with a "tabula rasa" (blank mind), shaped by sensory experiences. New environments and positive influences can create better societies.
  • Isaac Newton: Viewed the universe as a giant "world machine," governed by natural laws discoverable through investigation. Similar natural laws govern human society.
  • Philosophes: French word for Enlightenment thinkers (not all French, many from nobility and middle class)
  • Role: Social reformers, writers, professors, journalists; aimed to change the world through reason, including religion and politics
  • Key Philosophes & their contributions:
    • Montesquieu: Wrote The Spirit of the Laws, advocating for separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial) and checks and balances in government, to prevent tyranny
    • Voltaire: Challenged Church actions, promoted religious toleration and Deism (religious philosophy based on reason and natural law)
    • Diderot: Edited the Encyclopedia, a 28-volume collection advocating for religious tolerance and social reforms

New Social Sciences

  • Enlightenment thinkers sought natural laws governing human life, leading to development of new social sciences (economics, political science)
  • Physiocrats: French group, argued for laissez-faire economics ("to let people do what they want"). Individuals pursuing self-interest benefits society.
  • Adam Smith (Scottish): Defined laissez-faire more clearly in The Wealth of Nations. Economy steered by "invisible hand" of market interactions; government role limited to defense, property protection, & public works.

New Political Ideas

  • Challenges to traditional power structures (kings' divine right, noble/clergy status)
  • Enlightenment embraced natural rights (e.g., life, liberty, property), rule of law, and representative government
  • Influences: Judeo-Christian values, ancient Greek/Roman philosophies (rule of law, citizenship, public service), ancient Athenian democracy and Roman republic ideas
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Discourse on the Origins of Inequality of Mankind and the Social Contract: Argues for social contract where society governed by "general will". Individuals must give up some rights for societal benefits of security, regulations, and community goals.

Enlightenment and Revolution

  • View of illegitimate governments = neglect of social contract, resulting in the right of revolution and creation of new governments
  • Inspired revolutions, documents like Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution
  • Influenced today's champions of individual freedom and representative government.

Enlightenment and the Arts

  • Architecture: Grandeur, Italian baroque style, influenced by Versailles. Balthasar Neumann: Church of the Fourteen Saints, Residence, Würzberg
  • Art: Baroque, neoclassical continued, but rococo emerged (grace, charm, gentle action, light colors, grace). Watteau ( Embarkation for Cythera )
  • Music: Musicians Haydn and Mozart innovated, transitioned from Baroque to the Classical era, music developed from serving elites toward the public.

Enlightenment and Women's Rights

  • Challenged traditional views of women's inferiority.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: Advocated for equal rights in education, economic, and political life. argued that women possessed reason therefore are entitled to same rights men do.

Enlightenment and Religion

  • Growing secularism: Religion's role in government and education decreased.
  • Human reasoning valued over religious doctrine.
  • Separation of church and state principles, influenced American and French Revolutions.
  • Abolitionism movement arose, challenging slavery as violation of natural rights.

Enlightened Absolutism

  • Rulers trying to implement Enlightenment principles while maintaining power
  • Effectiveness debated.
  • Examples: Prussia (Frederick William I, Frederick II), Austria (Maria Theresa, Joseph II), Russia (Catherine II)
  • Issues faced: maintaining power, gaining strength through taxes. and armies, often at the expense of reform.

The Spread of Ideas

  • Increased literacy, publishing, and availability of reading materials (books, newspapers, journals)
  • Salons, coffeehouses = gathering places for discussions, spreading ideas, and swaying political opinions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the key concepts and figures of the Enlightenment, an 18th-century movement that emphasized reason and the scientific method. Learn about influential thinkers like John Locke and Isaac Newton, and their contributions to society and philosophy. This quiz will test your understanding of their ideas and the impact of the Enlightenment on modern thought.

More Like This

John Locke's Contributions to Enlightenment Thought
10 questions

John Locke's Contributions to Enlightenment Thought

FastSydneyOperaHouse avatar
FastSydneyOperaHouse
John Locke and Montesquieu
24 questions

John Locke and Montesquieu

WellRunBarium avatar
WellRunBarium
Philosophy of the Enlightenment
355 questions

Philosophy of the Enlightenment

RegalSonnet avatar
RegalSonnet
The European Enlightenment (1750-1900) Quiz
10 questions

The European Enlightenment (1750-1900) Quiz

ScenicYtterbium avatar
ScenicYtterbium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser