History Unit Two Review And Summaries PDF

The American Revolution: - Recall during the reformation, there was the thirty years war between Catholic and Protestant following Luther’s new ideas. - This led to the Protestant empowerment of the individual leading to the Enlightenment and to the notion of using ones gift...

The American Revolution: - Recall during the reformation, there was the thirty years war between Catholic and Protestant following Luther’s new ideas. - This led to the Protestant empowerment of the individual leading to the Enlightenment and to the notion of using ones gifts. - John Locke and Thomas Hobbes; Key philosophers during the age of reason Hobbes believed in a monarch with absolute power Locke wasn’t anti monarch but believed they should have restrictions placed on their power French philosophers: -Voltaire: one of the first public figures in his time period to openly declare his atheism - became enthralled with the intellectual freedom in England -advocated for an enlightened monarch -Montesquieu: believed that the British offered the best form of government in his day - influenced by Locke’s emphasis on natural rights, which the French were completely deprived of -Rousseau: believed that “man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains” and argued that all people were equal and the entire class system should be abolished -did not believe in the idea of personal sin and believed mankind was corrupted by society The Enlightenment: What is it? Immanual Kant- reason is universal and independent of experience Enlightenment thinking is dangerous. When human reason can cut loose from the constraints imposed by history, it produces many crazy notions. Three most enlightened rulers: Frederick of Prussia: - granted many religious freedoms reduced censorship and improved education -reformed the justice system and abolished use of torture Joseph of Austria: introduced freedom of the press - Supported freedom of worship and abolished serfdom Catherine of Russia: The influence of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution: - leaders like Thomas Jefferson used some of the ideals from the Enlightenment to justify their independence. He wrote the declaration of independence in 1776 to demonstrate Enlightenment ideals. -justifying independence, reflected the enlightenment's arguments for natural rights. -Locke had asserted that people had the right to rebel against an unjust ruler, so the DOI included a long list of George III’s abuses -the DOI also includes the concept that individuals are born with certain rights , which was heavily influenced by Locke -the idea that governments are instituted to secure these rights also reflects the enlightenment belief that political authority stems from the people The Navigation Act- prevented colonists from selling their most valuable products to any country except Britain. Colonists had to pay high taxes on imported French and Dutch goods. The Stamp Act- the first tax imposed by the British on the American colonies, aiming to raise revenue requiring that prints be produced on stamped paper produced in London. Creating a constitution: America had a weak national government, so the Constitutional Convention gathered 55 experienced delegates familiar with the political theories of Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau. Disagreed on topics such as who should be represented in Congress, how many representatives should each state have? The delegates ultimately created a new system of government using the Enlightenment. -checks and balances was created (three branches of government) The Bill of rights - protecting the rights of individual citizens, list of powers the government could never use against the people The economic system: - In the past, government systems would dictate what should be produced and protect local production against foreign influence. This system was devised by empires led by monarchs and since America wasn’t an empire, something new had to be developed - Adam Smith became a major contributor to the American economy by questioning the traditional role that governments should have in the economy. He believed that people should be free to choose what to produce and what to sell it for. He argued that wealth was not fixed, and that new wealth could be created. The Unfinished Business: The revolutionary era witnessed the first major challenge to American slavery, as for the first time, an institution that had been taken for granted, and was universal, came under intense scrutiny and debate. The French Revolution: Timeline: 1770: Louis Bourbon marries Marie Antoinette of Austria 1774: Louis XV dies, and Louis XVI becomes the King of France 1789: France experiences a deep financial crisis-Louis calls for a meeting of the Estates General (they hadn’t met in over 100 years) 1789 (June): Frustrated at the lack of progress, the members of the 3rd estate leave in protest, move to an adjacent Tennis Court, and sign an oath- a rename themselves the National Assembly- the first act of defiance against the King 1789(June): Louis XVI hires Jacques Necker to help with economic reforms, but fires him soon after when he recommends taxing the second estate 1789(July): Sensing riots, Louis orders the army to PAris to disperse a mob. In response, the mob go to the Bastille, get weapons, kill the guard and tear it down. Later they adopt the tricolour (new flag) 1789 (August): The Declaration of the Rights of Man is written 1789(fall): The Bourbons are forced by a Paris mob to relocate to paris where they are placed under house arrest. Later, Catholic churches are looted and the Jacobin club forms. 1791 (June): Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempt to flee France, in part, to gether support from other European Monarchs, but are stopped at the border by a guard, sympathetic to the revolution. 1792 April): France (the national assembly) declares war on Austria putting Marie Antoinette in great jeopardy to her Austrian blood , the mob assumes she’s a traitor 1792 (Aug-Sept): Robespierre, Marat and Danton lead a mob to overthrow the local government of the city of Paris and establish their own radical one led by the Jacobins. The constitution is discarded when it is used to criticize them. Prisoners languishing in Paris jails are murdered in cold blood by mobs of Jacobin supporters. 1793: Louis XVI is executed by the use of guillotine 1793: France declares war on england, the netherlands and spain, Jacobins take over the National Assembly and establish a committee of public safety, with oversight provided by Robespierre. He creates an “enemies list” and the Reign of Terror begins with tens of thousands of French citizens meeting their end for saying the wrong word, or being accused of Treason. Charlotte Corday arrives in france and murders Jean Paul-Murat to stop the violence 1793: Marie-Antoinette is executed along with many Girodins 1794: Danton is executed 1794: Robespierre is executed 1795: The directory is established and revises the laws and re-writes the constitution 1. Louis XVI is pledged to Austrian Princess, Marie Antionette 2. Louis becomes king 3. Tennis court oath 4. Storming of the Bastille prison 5. Declaration of the rights of man 6. The angry fish wives march  7. The Bourbon’s are forced to relocate to Paris Factions among the revolution - Emerged during the worst phase of the Revolution 1. Jacobins: - Began as an independent club, brooding over their daft king - Read Locke, Rousseau and Voltaire - Shed their moderation during the revolution and are largely responsible for the reign of terror - Became more totalitarian than the king - Robespierre, Danton and Marrat 2. Girodins: - Moderate - Would’ve been content with a constitutional monarchy - Irritated and tired of absolute rule, didn’t trust the leadership of the revolutionaries (too extreme) - The reign of terror, in their minds, proved their point abt the Jacobins 3. Royalists: - In favour of king - Not uncritical though, would have preferred an enlightened monarch or a constitutional monarch The old regime divided the people of France into three large social classes The First Estate: founded by the Roman catholic Church - Owned 10% if the land in France - Provided education and relief services to the poor Consisted of church officials - Exempt from paying taxes The Second Estate: -owned 20% of the land and paid almost no taxes -consisted of rich nobles - nobles scorned enlightenment ideas that threatened their status and power The Third estate: -consisted of farmers, lawyers, judges etc, all had no power -paid high taxes -were wealthy but didn’t have much power Made up of three groups which differed greatly in their economic conditions Louis’ support of the American colonies against his enemy, the English , likely had the net result of French soldiers and citizens wondering about off loading their own king. The Bastille- prison which symbolized French tyranny in the same way the British tea tax tyrannized American colonies The National Assembly- formed as a protest against the ineffective Estates general system (dominated by the king) The Declaration of the Rights of Man- fundamental document of the rights of man defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. Angry Fish Wives- hard working Parisian peasants, annoyed that the royal family (particularly Marie) completely ignored their terrible situation, marched on the palace of versailles to kill the royals , armed with pitch forks and knives Guillotine- main method of execution in France, became a popular part of French culture celebrated as the people’s avenger by supporters of the Revolution Maximiliem Robespierre (ANTI WASHINGTON)- one of the key leaders of the revolution, instrumental in giving shape to the early French republic after the death of the King. claims to always be speaking for the people. Also responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent french citizens George Danton (muscle of the revolution)” “working class” to Robespierre's elitism- RObespierre had him killed Marat (Brains)- political theorist and journalist, asks for anyone against the revolution to be killed, murdered in a bathtub Chronology: Madame Deficit (Marie Antoinette)- known for her extravagant spending, outrageous parties, inability to produce an heir Versaille wasn’t real- the country was starving while they lived in luxury. Louis knows that he has to solve the financial crisis but refused to tax the rich. Jacques Necker is appointed by him and calls for a meeting of the Estates General. The 3rd estate calls for Louis to do something and they feel he will not, so they sign the Tennis Court Oath pledging that they will not disband until something is done. Louis sees the Tennis Court Oath as an attack on him, so he sends armed gaurds to Paris. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s attempt to de-christianize France : Most of the leaders of the French revolution (eg. RObspeirre) adopted Rousseau’s assumptions about God -Rosseuou’s view if the nature of human corruption is something that is created and fostered by social conditions - humanity is “fundamentally sound and acts that are deemed to be wrong or sinful come from social pressures and conditioning” not a personal choice - the belief of do what feels good you do you blah blah American vs. French Revolution: American Revolution Appealed to divine -caused by the sense How people moral order and that the English responded: discovered the monarch was “taking -13 independent blessings of liberty back” the rights and colonies had to work and freedom freedoms tg/ to defeat the -a revolt against a English “foreign” king -all were fighting on the same side and for the same cause- an unusual amount of unity French Revolution Rejected Christianity How people and religious tyranny Caused by years of responded: - they filled the moral incompetent didn’t all want the vacuum left in it's management lead to same thing, elites absence a growing cynicism wanted power while towards the KIng peasants wanted -starvation, mass food employment and an - The reign of insufficient monarch terror led to the revolutionarie s turning on eachother Role of Religion: AR: FR: -most americans -catholic church was never associated so attached to the religion with monarchy, government Robespierre -however, they saw attempted to do away the revolution as God with both ordained because -Priests nuns killed they believed -religion played a role scripture supported as a target for ridicule the concept of and persecution freedom (unifying role)