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Questions and Answers
What is the primary action of the presynaptic α2 receptor concerning Ca2+ influx?
What is the primary action of the presynaptic α2 receptor concerning Ca2+ influx?
Which of the following is not a direct action of norepinephrine (NE) in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is not a direct action of norepinephrine (NE) in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the function of metyrosine in the synthesis of norepinephrine?
What is the function of metyrosine in the synthesis of norepinephrine?
Which drug is known to block the vesicular storage of dopamine and norepinephrine?
Which drug is known to block the vesicular storage of dopamine and norepinephrine?
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What effect does cocaine have on norepinephrine following its release?
What effect does cocaine have on norepinephrine following its release?
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Which process is involved in increasing the transport of norepinephrine into the synapse?
Which process is involved in increasing the transport of norepinephrine into the synapse?
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How does the presynaptic α2 receptor affect sympathetic neurotransmission?
How does the presynaptic α2 receptor affect sympathetic neurotransmission?
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Which component is NOT a part of the norepinephrine synthesis pathway?
Which component is NOT a part of the norepinephrine synthesis pathway?
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What is the primary action of reserpine in relation to noradrenaline?
What is the primary action of reserpine in relation to noradrenaline?
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What adverse effect is NOT typically associated with reserpine use?
What adverse effect is NOT typically associated with reserpine use?
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How do indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs primarily enhance noradrenaline action?
How do indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs primarily enhance noradrenaline action?
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What pathway allows drug molecules to displace noradrenaline within the neuron?
What pathway allows drug molecules to displace noradrenaline within the neuron?
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Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being depleted by reserpine?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being depleted by reserpine?
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What happens to noradrenaline (NA) when reserpine blocks the VMAT?
What happens to noradrenaline (NA) when reserpine blocks the VMAT?
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What additional effect does reserpine have beyond noradrenaline depletion?
What additional effect does reserpine have beyond noradrenaline depletion?
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Which mechanism describes how amphetamine indirectly acts as a sympathomimetic drug?
Which mechanism describes how amphetamine indirectly acts as a sympathomimetic drug?
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What is the primary focus of the video on adrenergic antagonists?
What is the primary focus of the video on adrenergic antagonists?
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Which drugs are covered in the video regarding psychomotor stimulants?
Which drugs are covered in the video regarding psychomotor stimulants?
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What additional information does the video on monoamine oxidase inhibitors provide?
What additional information does the video on monoamine oxidase inhibitors provide?
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Which chapters from Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology focus on neurodegenerative diseases?
Which chapters from Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology focus on neurodegenerative diseases?
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What is a potential negative consequence discussed in the video on psychomotor stimulants?
What is a potential negative consequence discussed in the video on psychomotor stimulants?
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What is the primary role of COMT inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
What is the primary role of COMT inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
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Which COMT inhibitor acts in the brain?
Which COMT inhibitor acts in the brain?
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What is the effect of MAO-B inhibitors in the context of Parkinson's disease?
What is the effect of MAO-B inhibitors in the context of Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following drugs acts directly on striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson's treatment?
Which of the following drugs acts directly on striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson's treatment?
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What is a common indication for using methyldopa?
What is a common indication for using methyldopa?
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In the context of adrenergic drug action, what does MAO stand for?
In the context of adrenergic drug action, what does MAO stand for?
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What is the effect of drugs that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake?
What is the effect of drugs that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake?
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Which of these drugs primarily displaces norepinephrine from the presynaptic neuron?
Which of these drugs primarily displaces norepinephrine from the presynaptic neuron?
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What is the primary effect of sympathomimetic drugs on the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary effect of sympathomimetic drugs on the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following drug classes inhibits the reuptake of noradrenaline?
Which of the following drug classes inhibits the reuptake of noradrenaline?
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What term is used for drugs that block the sympathetic nervous system's response?
What term is used for drugs that block the sympathetic nervous system's response?
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Which mechanism do drugs like reserpine utilize to affect noradrenaline?
Which mechanism do drugs like reserpine utilize to affect noradrenaline?
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Amphetamines primarily function by which of the following actions?
Amphetamines primarily function by which of the following actions?
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Which of these substances is known to inhibit the metabolism of noradrenaline?
Which of these substances is known to inhibit the metabolism of noradrenaline?
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What is a significant characteristic of direct-acting sympathetic drugs?
What is a significant characteristic of direct-acting sympathetic drugs?
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Which of the following outcomes is expected when sympatholytic drugs are administered?
Which of the following outcomes is expected when sympatholytic drugs are administered?
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What is the role of drugs that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake in the nervous system?
What is the role of drugs that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake in the nervous system?
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Which of the following accurately describes the effect of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs?
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs?
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Methyldopa is known to primarily act on which aspect of noradrenergic neurotransmission?
Methyldopa is known to primarily act on which aspect of noradrenergic neurotransmission?
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What type of effects would you expect from a drug that enhances norepinephrine activity?
What type of effects would you expect from a drug that enhances norepinephrine activity?
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Sympathomimetics may have various clinical uses due to their action on which systems?
Sympathomimetics may have various clinical uses due to their action on which systems?
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Which factor is critical to understanding the role of sympatholytic drugs?
Which factor is critical to understanding the role of sympatholytic drugs?
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What effect will a drug that blocks the sympathetic division have on the parasympathetic response?
What effect will a drug that blocks the sympathetic division have on the parasympathetic response?
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Which receptors are involved in the inhibitory feedback mechanism that affects the release of norepinephrine?
Which receptors are involved in the inhibitory feedback mechanism that affects the release of norepinephrine?
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Which component is inhibited by the activation of presynaptic α2 receptors?
Which component is inhibited by the activation of presynaptic α2 receptors?
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What type of drug, such as pseudoephedrine, has both direct and indirect actions?
What type of drug, such as pseudoephedrine, has both direct and indirect actions?
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Activation of which protein diminishes the action of adenylyl cyclase when α2 receptors are activated?
Activation of which protein diminishes the action of adenylyl cyclase when α2 receptors are activated?
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What is a consequence of reserpine's action on noradrenaline storage within neurons?
What is a consequence of reserpine's action on noradrenaline storage within neurons?
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Which mechanism does amphetamine use to enhance noradrenaline action?
Which mechanism does amphetamine use to enhance noradrenaline action?
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What is a significant adverse effect of reserpine?
What is a significant adverse effect of reserpine?
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How does reserpine affect serotonin levels in the brain?
How does reserpine affect serotonin levels in the brain?
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Which of the following statements about the action of indirect-acting sympathomimetics is correct?
Which of the following statements about the action of indirect-acting sympathomimetics is correct?
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What role does the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) play regarding noradrenaline?
What role does the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) play regarding noradrenaline?
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What happens to noradrenaline once it accumulates in the cytoplasm due to reserpine action?
What happens to noradrenaline once it accumulates in the cytoplasm due to reserpine action?
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What is the primary effect of blocking vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) with reserpine?
What is the primary effect of blocking vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) with reserpine?
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What is the role of βγ subunits of the G protein associated with presynaptic α2 receptors?
What is the role of βγ subunits of the G protein associated with presynaptic α2 receptors?
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Which of the following pathways correctly describes the conversion of tyrosine to norepinephrine?
Which of the following pathways correctly describes the conversion of tyrosine to norepinephrine?
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What effect does the drug bretylium have on norepinephrine release?
What effect does the drug bretylium have on norepinephrine release?
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Which drug increases the transport of norepinephrine into the synapse by indirect action?
Which drug increases the transport of norepinephrine into the synapse by indirect action?
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Which mechanism describes how neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine is affected?
Which mechanism describes how neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine is affected?
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What is the effect of reserpine on neurotransmitters?
What is the effect of reserpine on neurotransmitters?
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Which dietary source is rich in tyrosine, crucial for norepinephrine synthesis?
Which dietary source is rich in tyrosine, crucial for norepinephrine synthesis?
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What would be the expected effect of sympathomimetic drugs?
What would be the expected effect of sympathomimetic drugs?
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What is a central action of amphetamine as an indirect sympathomimetic drug?
What is a central action of amphetamine as an indirect sympathomimetic drug?
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Which of the following effects is NOT caused by indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs like amphetamine?
Which of the following effects is NOT caused by indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs like amphetamine?
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How does amphetamine primarily enhance the action of norepinephrine?
How does amphetamine primarily enhance the action of norepinephrine?
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What is a primary therapeutic use for methylphenidate, another indirect sympathomimetic drug?
What is a primary therapeutic use for methylphenidate, another indirect sympathomimetic drug?
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Which receptor types are activated by the norepinephrine displaced by amphetamine?
Which receptor types are activated by the norepinephrine displaced by amphetamine?
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What potential negative effect is associated with the use of amphetamine?
What potential negative effect is associated with the use of amphetamine?
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What happens to norepinephrine during the action of amphetamine in the nerve terminal?
What happens to norepinephrine during the action of amphetamine in the nerve terminal?
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What overall effect do indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs have on the cardiovascular system?
What overall effect do indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs have on the cardiovascular system?
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What is the primary action of sympathomimetic drugs?
What is the primary action of sympathomimetic drugs?
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Which class of drugs is specifically known to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine?
Which class of drugs is specifically known to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine?
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Which effect is associated with the use of sympatholytic drugs?
Which effect is associated with the use of sympatholytic drugs?
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What is the main mechanism through which amphetamines enhance the action of norepinephrine?
What is the main mechanism through which amphetamines enhance the action of norepinephrine?
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Which drug is known for its ability to block the vesicular storage of norepinephrine?
Which drug is known for its ability to block the vesicular storage of norepinephrine?
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In the context of noradrenergic neurotransmission, what do the terms sympathomimetic and sympatholytic signify?
In the context of noradrenergic neurotransmission, what do the terms sympathomimetic and sympatholytic signify?
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What adverse effect is commonly associated with drugs that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with drugs that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake?
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Methyldopa is primarily used to treat which condition?
Methyldopa is primarily used to treat which condition?
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Which process does reserpine influence regarding norepinephrine?
Which process does reserpine influence regarding norepinephrine?
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What effect does cocaine have on norepinephrine levels?
What effect does cocaine have on norepinephrine levels?
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Which of the following characteristics identifies direct-acting sympathomimetic drugs?
Which of the following characteristics identifies direct-acting sympathomimetic drugs?
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How do drugs that inhibit the metabolism of norepinephrine affect its levels?
How do drugs that inhibit the metabolism of norepinephrine affect its levels?
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What is a key effect of sympathomimetics on the parasympathetic response?
What is a key effect of sympathomimetics on the parasympathetic response?
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Study Notes
Sympathetic Nervous System and Noradrenergic Transmission
- Sympathomimetic drugs increase the sympathetic response, while sympatholytic drugs block the sympathetic response. This means that sympathomimetic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic response and vice versa.
- Direct-acting sympathetic drugs mimic the action of norepinephrine (NA), while indirect-acting sympathetic drugs influence the release or termination of NA.
- The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for stressful situations.
- The presynaptic α2 receptor in the sympathetic nervous system inhibits Ca2+ influx, leading to a decrease in norepinephrine release.
Noradrenaline (NA) Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Termination
- NA synthesis: Tyrosine is converted to dopamine, which is then converted to NA.
- NA storage: NA is stored in synaptic vesicles.
- NA release: NA is released into the synapse in response to nerve stimulation.
- NA termination: NA is terminated through reuptake into the presynaptic neuron and metabolism by enzymes like Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT).
Indirect-Acting Sympathetic Drugs: Displacers of NA
- Reserpine blocks the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which prevents the transport of NA into storage vesicles. This leads to a decrease in available NA, blocking sympathetic transmission, and potentially causing depression and parkinsonism.
- Amphetamines enter the presynaptic neuron and displace NA from storage vesicles, increasing NA release. They also inhibit NA reuptake.
Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) Inhibitors
- COMT inhibitors prevent the metabolism of dopamine, primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease due to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia.
- Tolcapone and entacapone are examples of COMT inhibitors.
- Some COMT inhibitors act in the periphery (tolcapone, entacapone), while others act in the brain (tolcapone).
Sites of Action of Drugs Affecting Noradrenergic Neurotransmission
- Presynaptic neuron: Drugs can act on the synthesis, storage, release, and reuptake of NA.
- Postsynaptic receptor: Drugs can either activate or block the NA receptors.
Resources for Learning
- Osmosis videos: Consider utilizing "Adrenergic antagonists: presynaptic antagonists," "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors," and "Psychomotor stimulants" videos to supplement your understanding.
Noradrenergic Transmission and Indirect-Acting Sympathetic Drugs
- Indirect-acting sympathetic drugs affect the sympathetic nervous system by acting inside the post-ganglionic neuron.
- These drugs enhance or inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by affecting the synthesis, storage, release, re-uptake or binding of NA to its target receptors.
Drug Classes Affecting Noradrenergic Neurotransmission
- Drugs that affect NA storage: These drugs displace NA from the presynaptic neuron, including methyldopa, reserpine, amphetamines.
- Drugs that affect NA reuptake: These drugs inhibit NA reuptake into the presynaptic neuron, including cocaine and antidepressants.
- Drugs that affect NA metabolism: These drugs inhibit the metabolism of NA.
Presynaptic Feedback Control of the Sympathetic Nervous System
- The inhibitory feedback mechanism is mediated through the α2 receptors.
- Activation of presynaptic α2 receptors activates Gi protein, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase.
- This inhibition prevents the opening of calcium channels, decreasing exocytosis and inhibiting the release of NA.
Reserpine
- Reserpine blocks the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), preventing the transport of noradrenaline and other amines into storage vesicles.
- This leads to an accumulation of NA in the cytoplasm, where it is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO).
- Reserpine depletes NA, serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine from neurons in the brain.
- Adverse effects: depression, parkinsonism, gynaecomastia.
Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Displacers of NA: These drugs are structurally similar to NA and are taken up into the presynaptic neuron by the NA transporter (NET).
- Once inside, they displace NA from storage vesicles, leading to an increase in NA concentration in the synapse.
- They also reduce NA reuptake via NET, enhancing the action of the released NA.
- Examples include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and atomoxetine.
Clinical Uses of Displacers of NA
- Amphetamine: Narcolepsy, ADHD.
- Methylphenidate: ADD, ADHD.
- Atomoxetine: ADHD.
Widespread Effects of Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetic Drugs
- They increase NA levels in the synapse, activating all adrenergic receptors (α and β).
- This results in various effects throughout the body:
- Bronchodilation
- Raised arterial pressure
- Peripheral vasoconstriction
- Increased heart rate and force of myocardial contraction
- Inhibition of gut motility.
Central Effects of Displacers of NA
- They have significant central effects:
- Appetite suppression
- CNS stimulant effects
- Potential for abuse.
Therapeutic Uses of Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetic Drugs
- They have limited therapeutic uses due to their widespread and significant effects.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of the sympathetic nervous system and noradrenergic transmission. You will learn about the roles of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs, the mechanisms of norepinephrine synthesis, and its impacts on the body's fight or flight response.