48 Questions
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
ACh
What is the result of stimulating alpha-adrenoreceptors throughout the body?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
Which of the following alpha-blockers is only selective for α1 receptors?
Doxazosin
What is the function of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in noradrenergic synaptic transmission?
To regulate the exocytosis of vesicles
What is the result of blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?
Decreased vasoconstrictor tone
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Regulation of digestion
What is the primary mechanism by which β-blockers reduce cardiac output and blood pressure?
Decreased vascular tone
Which of the following β-blockers is considered cardio-selective?
Atenolol
What is the main advantage of Labetalol over other β-blockers?
It has fewer side effects than other β-blockers
What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenergic signalling is terminated?
Simple diffusion away from the synapse
What is the primary use of Tamsulosin?
Treatment of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Why are β-blockers no longer recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension?
NICE no longer recommends them as first-line treatment
What is the primary mechanism by which doxazosin and tamsulosin reduce blood pressure?
Decreasing vascular tone
What is the difference between non-selective and β-selective β-blockers?
The type of receptors blocked
What is the primary advantage of using β1-subtype selective β-blockers?
Fewer side effects due to reduced β2 receptor blockade
What is the primary use of atenolol?
Treatment of disturbances in cardiac rhythm, myocardial infarction, and angina
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Noradrenaline
What is the primary mechanism by which labetalol reduces arterial blood pressure?
Blocking both α and β receptors
What is the primary advantage of using labetalol over other β-blockers?
Fewer side effects due to α-receptor blockade
What is the primary mechanism by which α-adrenergic receptor antagonists cause a decrease in blood pressure?
By blocking sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
What is the primary function of vesicle fusion with the nerve terminal membrane in noradrenergic synaptic transmission?
To exocytose noradrenaline into the synaptic cleft
What is the primary clinical application of α-adrenergic receptor antagonists?
To treat hypertension
What is the primary difference between non-selective and selective α-blockers?
Their selectivity for α1 and α2 receptors
What is the primary advantage of selective α-blockers over non-selective α-blockers?
They have a decreased risk of reflex tachycardia
What is the primary mechanism by which α-adrenergic receptor antagonists reduce sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone?
By blocking the binding of noradrenaline to α-adrenergic receptors
What is the primary advantage of using selective α-blockers over non-selective α-blockers?
They have a lower risk of reflex tachycardia
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Noradrenaline
What is the primary function of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in noradrenergic synaptic transmission?
To regulate the release of noradrenaline from vesicles
What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenaline is released from vesicles in noradrenergic synaptic transmission?
Exocytosis
What is the primary function of α-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?
To regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation
What is the primary mechanism by which doxazosin and tamsulosin reduce vascular tone?
Blocking α-adrenergic receptors in the blood vessels
What is the main advantage of β1-subtype selective β-blockers over non-selective β-blockers?
They have fewer side effects on the lungs
What is the primary mechanism by which labetalol reduces arterial blood pressure?
Blocking α-adrenergic receptors in the blood vessels
What is the primary difference between non-selective and selective α-blockers?
Non-selective α-blockers block both α1 and α2 receptors, while selective α-blockers only block α1 receptors
What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenergic signalling is terminated in the synapse?
All of the above
What is the primary reason why β-blockers are no longer recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension?
They are not recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE)
What is the primary mechanism by which non-selective β-blockers reduce cardiac output and blood pressure?
Decrease in force and frequency of contraction
Which β-blocker is used to treat stable congestive heart failure?
Labetalol
What is the primary mechanism by which doxazosin and tamsulosin reduce blood pressure?
Blockade of α-adrenergic receptors
What is the primary mechanism by which α-adrenergic receptor antagonists reduce blood pressure in the sympathetic nervous system?
By blocking sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
What is the primary advantage of using β1-subtype selective β-blockers?
Fewer side effects on the lungs
Which of the following is a key point at which drugs might interfere with the process of chemical synaptic transmission in the sympathetic nervous system?
Diffusion of noradrenaline across the synaptic cleft
Why are non-selective β-blockers no longer recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension?
They have more side effects
What is the primary advantage of using selective α-blockers over non-selective α-blockers?
They have a decreased risk of reflex tachycardia
What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenergic signalling is terminated in the synapse?
Simple diffusion away from the synapse
What is the primary mechanism by which noradrenaline is released from vesicles in noradrenergic synaptic transmission?
Exocytosis
Which of the following is a clinical application of α-adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Treatment of hypertension
What is the primary difference between non-selective and selective α-blockers?
Non-selective α-blockers block both α1 and α2 receptors
Test your knowledge of the nervous system and its subdivisions, adrenoreceptors, and the process of chemical synaptic transmission. Learn how drugs interact with the sympathetic nervous system and more.
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