Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structural systems typically exhibit two-way load action?
Which of the following structural systems typically exhibit two-way load action?
Environmental loads on a building include the weight of people and movable objects within the space.
Environmental loads on a building include the weight of people and movable objects within the space.
False
What type of load is considered permanent and does not move?
What type of load is considered permanent and does not move?
dead loads
A material designed for high corrosion resistance and weather durability, often used in fabric structures, is known as ____.
A material designed for high corrosion resistance and weather durability, often used in fabric structures, is known as ____.
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Match the following load types with their definitions:
Match the following load types with their definitions:
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Which of the following is considered a live load?
Which of the following is considered a live load?
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Dead loads are variable and change over time.
Dead loads are variable and change over time.
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What type of load is caused by wind or earthquakes?
What type of load is caused by wind or earthquakes?
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Loads that remain constant over time are referred to as ______ loads.
Loads that remain constant over time are referred to as ______ loads.
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Match the type of load with its description:
Match the type of load with its description:
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What forces are combined in bending?
What forces are combined in bending?
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Tensegrity structures rely on traditional supports for stability.
Tensegrity structures rely on traditional supports for stability.
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Who was a major influence on the concept of tensegrity structures?
Who was a major influence on the concept of tensegrity structures?
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The Blur Building uses _________ struts and diagonal rods for support.
The Blur Building uses _________ struts and diagonal rods for support.
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Match the inner ear components with their primary function:
Match the inner ear components with their primary function:
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What part of the inner ear detects vertical motion such as going up in an elevator?
What part of the inner ear detects vertical motion such as going up in an elevator?
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The semicircular canals in the inner ear are aligned with the X, Y, and Z axes.
The semicircular canals in the inner ear are aligned with the X, Y, and Z axes.
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What is the structural principle that holds isolated rigid components in place by a network of continuous tensioned cables?
What is the structural principle that holds isolated rigid components in place by a network of continuous tensioned cables?
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What is longitude?
What is longitude?
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The Earth’s magnetic field is static and does not change over time.
The Earth’s magnetic field is static and does not change over time.
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What is the primary cause of day and night cycles on Earth?
What is the primary cause of day and night cycles on Earth?
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The Earth is tilted at ______ degrees, which causes seasons.
The Earth is tilted at ______ degrees, which causes seasons.
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Which of the following is true regarding the North Magnetic Pole?
Which of the following is true regarding the North Magnetic Pole?
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The summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on December 21-22.
The summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on December 21-22.
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Match the following items with their description:
Match the following items with their description:
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Study Notes
Structural Intuition, Understanding, and Imagination
- Embodied awareness is important in structural concepts
- Intuition is crucial in structural design, guided by Nervi's perspective.
- Intuition in architecture avoids excessive reliance on calculations, fostering creativity.
- Imagination is significant in structural development, as Einstein highlights, exceeding the limitations of logic.
Basic Structural Action/Behavior
- Compression involves horizontal forces pushing inward, creating vertical deformation.
- Tension involves horizontal forces pulling outward, creating compressed appearance.
- Inverted catenary curves demonstrate a relationship between tension and compression.
- A hanging chain naturally forms a catenary curve, experiencing pure tension.
- Inverting the curve creates an arch, supporting loads in pure compression.
- Archimedes pioneered innovative structural designs using inverted catenary surfaces for roofs.
Tension & Compression in Bending
- Bending simultaneously creates compression and tension.
- Compression occurs at the bottom of bent objects, and tension at the top.
- Foam grid models visually demonstrate elongation (tension) and compression (shortening) when curved.
Line of Action
- Forces acting along the same line are axial forces.
- Forces acting along multiple locations create shear forces and bending forces.
Structural Systems & Materials: Reinforced Concrete Structures
- Concrete and slab action are key concepts for reinforced concrete structures, showcasing different types.
- One-way slabs receive support along two edges from beams and girders.
- Two-way slabs rely on support from four sides for better load distribution.
Different Types of Loads on Buildings
- Dead loads refer to permanent immovable structures.
- Examples of dead loads include walls, beams, floors, and ceilings.
- Live loads change over time and can move.
- Examples of live loads are people, furniture, equipment, and crowds.
- Environmental loads are natural forces like wind, snow, and earthquakes.
Additional Load Categories
- Occupancy loads represent the weight of people and movable objects in a space.
- External environmental forces can include wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
Vertical & Lateral Loads on Structures
- Vertical forces act downward, such as the weight of the building.
- Lateral forces act horizontally, like wind and earthquakes.
- Static and dynamic loads refer to whether they remain constant or change over time.
The Lever Principle
- The principle of levers involves a fulcrum, a load, and an effort.
- Three different lever classes, class 1, 2, and 3.
Applications in the Body
- Joints like ankles, knees, elbows, shoulders, and jaw align with the balance system to maintain stability.
- Sensitivity to invisible forces help maintain posture and motion control.
- The vertical pull of gravity is detected using a plumb bob.
The Center of Gravity
- The center of gravity (CG) is a point where the entire weight of a body or object may be concentrated.
- CG shifts as a body or object moves, bends, and reaches.
- External forces to a body can cause its CG to shift.
How Can Artificial Gravity be Generated/Created?
- Pivoting space stations can generate gravity.
- Artificial gravity can be produced under specific circumstances.
Visualizing Stress & Equilibrium
- Tension involves pulling, elongating materials(cables, ropes).
- Compression involves pushing, shortening materials (e.g. arches, columns).
- Bending involves a combination of tension and compression along a beam. Minimum tensegrity structure.
- Tensegrity structures balance compression and tension using a network of cables.
- The Blur Building exemplifies the use of tensegrity principles, offering an innovative structural approach.
Sense of Balance & Equilibrium
- The inner ear, crucial for balance, includes the vestibular ducts, cochlea, and semicircular canals.
- These components help detect linear and rotational movements through fluid shifts.
Dynamic Interaction with the Body
- The balance system coordinates with vision and other senses to maintain body orientation and posture.
The Earth, Solar Relations & Timekeeping
- The Earth's interactions with the sun, moon and other celestial bodies influence its processes.
- Understanding the Earth's rotation and its relationship with the sun determines its timekeeping functions.
- Earth's rotational axis tilt of 23.5° affects the seasonal changes throughout the year.
- The Earth's revolution plays a key role in the formation of seasons and timekeeping across locations.
Earth's Magnetic Field
- Earth’s magnetic field is considered dynamic and its poles have shifted in history.
- Fluidic rocks record past shifts and are sensitive to the magnetic field.
Timekeeping & Earth's Rotation
- The 24-hour earth's rotation creates day-night cycles.
Seasons & Earth's Tilt
- The earth’s tilt results in seasonal changes throughout the year.
Equinoxes and Solstices
- Equinoxes represent equal day and night hours, while solstices denote the longest and shortest days among all positions in a 365-day year.
The Moon, The Earth, & The Tides
- The moon's gravitational pull affects tides in Earth's oceans.
- The Bay of Fundy exhibits notable tidal changes.
Energy Conservation Strategies
- Maximizing heat gain in winter is paramount for efficient structures.
- Maximizing solar energy and minimizing solar penetration during summer through innovative structural design.
Earth from a Broader Perspective
- Earth’s rotation and tilt are vital components impacting seasonal changes and day-night cycles.
Historical and Contemporary Structures
- Capilla San Bernardo is a chapel designed to harmonize with nature.
- This structure utilizes recycled materials for sustainable construction practices.
- The Oculus is an example of progressive architectural design that offers structural and practical advantages.
- Inca Rope Bridges are famous for their sustainable, strong, and flexible designs, utilizing braided ropes.
Video References
- Various videos are provided for additional study material.
Study Tips
- Review lecture notes and watch related videos.
- Practice structural calculations and try to identify load paths.
- Memorize buildings and time periods, and identify crucial dates.
- Understand the real-world applications and implications of these principles for contemporary structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge of structural systems and various load types in engineering. This quiz covers topics such as dead loads, live loads, and unique structures like tensegrity. Understand the definitions and applications of different loads as they relate to building design.
