Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following lab tests should be performed prior to administering fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke?
Which of the following lab tests should be performed prior to administering fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke?
What is the purpose of performing a CBC in the management of acute ischemic stroke?
What is the purpose of performing a CBC in the management of acute ischemic stroke?
Which of the following laboratory tests are NOT specified as needing to be performed immediately prior to fibrinolytic therapy?
Which of the following laboratory tests are NOT specified as needing to be performed immediately prior to fibrinolytic therapy?
What is another name for a stroke?
What is another name for a stroke?
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Which organization is responsible for the 2019 guidelines on the early management of acute ischemic stroke?
Which organization is responsible for the 2019 guidelines on the early management of acute ischemic stroke?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of fibrinolytic therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of fibrinolytic therapy?
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Which of these is NOT a common risk factor for stroke?
Which of these is NOT a common risk factor for stroke?
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Which of these is NOT a common sign or symptom of stroke?
Which of these is NOT a common sign or symptom of stroke?
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What is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States?
What is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States?
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Which of the following is NOT a common motor symptom associated with stroke?
Which of the following is NOT a common motor symptom associated with stroke?
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What does the abbreviation "pAfib" stand for in the patient case?
What does the abbreviation "pAfib" stand for in the patient case?
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Which of the following is a possible cause of the patient's visual changes in Patient Case #1?
Which of the following is a possible cause of the patient's visual changes in Patient Case #1?
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What does the acronym STEMI stand for?
What does the acronym STEMI stand for?
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What is the meaning of the word "hemiparesis" in the context of stroke symptoms?
What is the meaning of the word "hemiparesis" in the context of stroke symptoms?
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What does the acronym "DES" stand for in the context of the patient's history?
What does the acronym "DES" stand for in the context of the patient's history?
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Which of the following is NOT a warning sign of stroke mentioned in the provided content?
Which of the following is NOT a warning sign of stroke mentioned in the provided content?
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What does the acronym "HLD" refer to in the context of the patient's medical history?
What does the acronym "HLD" refer to in the context of the patient's medical history?
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What was the patient's main complaint when she woke up?
What was the patient's main complaint when she woke up?
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Based on the information provided, what type of stroke did the patient experience?
Based on the information provided, what type of stroke did the patient experience?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
Which of the following is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
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Which of the following is NOT a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke?
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What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
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What is the definition of Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
What is the definition of Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
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What happens when Intracranial Pressure (ICP) increases?
What happens when Intracranial Pressure (ICP) increases?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of Cushing's Triad?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Cushing's Triad?
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What is a potential consequence of elevated Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
What is a potential consequence of elevated Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
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What is the standard value for normal Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
What is the standard value for normal Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?
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Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor associated with stroke?
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor associated with stroke?
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Which of the following risk factors for stroke is specifically mentioned as being more prevalent in males?
Which of the following risk factors for stroke is specifically mentioned as being more prevalent in males?
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What does the symbol '>>' in the text indicate?
What does the symbol '>>' in the text indicate?
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Which of these is NOT a modifiable risk factor for stroke?
Which of these is NOT a modifiable risk factor for stroke?
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Which of the following is a potential risk factor for stroke that can often go undetected?
Which of the following is a potential risk factor for stroke that can often go undetected?
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What is the distinction between 'modifiable' and 'non-modifiable' risk factors for stroke?
What is the distinction between 'modifiable' and 'non-modifiable' risk factors for stroke?
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Which of these is a genetic risk factor for stroke?
Which of these is a genetic risk factor for stroke?
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Which of the following is not mentioned in the provided text as a risk factor for stroke?
Which of the following is not mentioned in the provided text as a risk factor for stroke?
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Study Notes
Stroke Overview
- A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
- This can result from a blockage (ischemic stroke) or a rupture (hemorrhagic stroke).
- A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary blockage of blood flow, often considered a warning sign of a future stroke.
- Strokes are a leading cause of disability and death.
Learning Objectives
- Differentiate between ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attack (TIA) strokes.
- Identify common stroke risk factors and signs/symptoms.
- Understand the significance of imaging and lab tests in stroke diagnosis.
- Describe the different causes (etiologies) and mechanisms (pathophysiology) of ischemic stroke.
- List common types of hemorrhagic stroke.
Stroke Classifications
-
Ischemic Stroke: Occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain.
- Thrombotic stroke - A clot forms in the brain.
- Embolic stroke - A clot forms elsewhere and travels to the brain.
-
Hemorrhagic Stroke: Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
- Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) - Bleeding within the brain.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) - Bleeding into the space surrounding the brain.
Risk Factors
- Nonmodifiable: Age, race, sex, prior stroke, family history, low birth weight, genetics.
- Modifiable: Smoking, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, obesity.
Diagnostic Testing
- Emergency brain imaging (CT scan or MRI) is crucial for suspected stroke.
- Blood tests (CBC, BMP, troponin, PT/INR, aPTT, EKG) may be ordered but shouldn't delay needed treatment.
Stroke Mimics
- Conditions that mimic stroke symptoms.
- Key examples include seizures, infections, tumors, metabolic disturbances, and other neurological issues.
Ischemic Stroke Pathophysiology
- Three main mechanisms are:
- Occlusion of an intracranial vessel due to an embolus.
- Reduced blood flow due to stenosis of a major extracranial artery.
- Thrombosis (clot formation) within an intracranial vessel.
Ischemic Penumbra
- The area surrounding the dead tissue (infarct).
- This region can still possibly be saved if treatment is received quickly if blood supply remains partially intact.
Clinical Presentation
- Stroke's symptoms vary.
- Common symptoms include weakness, paralysis, sensory changes, vision loss, facial drooping, speech difficulty, balance problems, and headaches.
Acute Assessment Scales
- National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a commonly used scale to measure stroke severity and predict patient outcomes.
Definition/Etiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding in the brain.
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH): Bleeding within the brain. Typical causes include uncontrolled hypertension, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and amyloid angiopathy.
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): Bleeding into the area between the brain and the membrane covering it. Causes include aneurysms and head trauma.
Risk Factors of Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Hypertension is the most common.
- Other risk factors include anticoagulation therapy, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and head trauma.
Key Terms
- CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident (commonly used to refer to a stroke)
- ICP: Intracranial Pressure (pressure inside the skull)
- CPP: Cerebral Perfusion Pressure.
- TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of strokes, including their types, risk factors, and diagnostic methods. You will learn to differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, as well as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Understand the causes, symptoms, and significance of timely diagnosis in stroke management.
