Social Psychologists: Key Contributions

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Questions and Answers

What significant effect did Kenneth and Mamie Clark's research demonstrate regarding children's preferences for dolls?

Children preferred settings with multiple races represented.

Children showed no preference for doll color.

Children preferred White dolls over Black dolls. (correct)

Children preferred dolls that matched their own race.

Which theory did Leon Festinger develop that deals with individuals minimizing discomfort from inconsistent beliefs?

Cognitive dissonance theory (correct)

Social comparison theory

Halo effect theory

Primacy effect theory

What was the primary focus of Roger Brown's seminal textbook published in 1965?

Social Psychology (correct)

Behavioral Psychology

Language Acquisition

Cognitive Development

What contribution did Donald T. Campbell make beyond psychology?

He worked in sociology, anthropology, biology, and philosophy. Signup and view all the answers

What notable concept did Fritz Heider help to advance in psychology?

Attribution theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychological phenomena is NOT associated with Roger Brown's research?

Bystander effect Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the research impact of Kenneth and Mamie Clark’s studies?

Their findings influenced legislation against racial segregation. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Leon Festinger assign to proximity in social relationships?

It is the primary determinant of attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 'Ringelmann effect' demonstrate in group productivity?

Individual productivity decreases as group size increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which research technique is NOT attributed to Stanley Milgram?

The Robber's Cave experiment Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Stanley Schachter's 'two-factor theory of emotion'?

Emotions arise from a combination of arousal and cognitive interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Carolyn Wood Sherif was influential in developing which theory pertaining to attitude change?

Social judgment theory Signup and view all the answers

What role did Francis Cecil Sumner play in the history of psychology?

He founded the field of Black psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Robber's Cave experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif?

Hostility between groups can be mitigated by pursuing common goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena did Stanley Milgram's experiments specifically relate to?

Obedience to authority Signup and view all the answers

In which area did Maximilien Ringelmann primarily conduct his research?

Group psychology Signup and view all the answers

What does the ideal self represent in Rogers' self-concept model?

Who you want to be Signup and view all the answers

Which component of self-concept is primarily influenced by how much you value yourself?

Self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

How does interaction with others influence self-concept development?

It can contribute to how we see ourselves Signup and view all the answers

In what way can media influence self-concept?

Through constant exposure to certain ideals Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-concept play in response to societal expectations?

It can evolve based on how society views certain roles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about self-concept is accurate?

Self-concept is a dynamic and evolving construct Signup and view all the answers

What effect can a teacher's belief have on a student's self-concept?

It can enhance a high-performing student's self-concept Signup and view all the answers

Identifying with characters in stories can impact what aspect of self-concept?

Both self-image and personal beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What does the minimal group paradigm demonstrate about intergroup relations?

Ingroup favoritism can occur with arbitrary group distinctions. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Norman Triplett reach regarding competition?

Latent energy can be accessed through social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Comparison Theory, how do individuals assess their abilities?

Through comparisons with others. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers cognitive dissonance in individuals?

Conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How does Social Identity Theory explain in-group favoritism?

Self-esteem is derived from group memberships. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Planned Behavior focus on?

The role of intention in behavioral engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary focuses of Attribution Theory?

Describing how people attribute behavior to external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social behavior does Cognitive Dissonance Theory explain?

The process of reconciling conflicting beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What factor does Kelley's covariation model NOT consider when making attributions?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Learning Theory, which of the following processes contributes to the acquisition of behaviors?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement for a minority group to influence the majority, according to Minority Influence Theory?

Maintaining consistency Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does Social Representations Theory primarily focus on?

Shared beliefs within a group Signup and view all the answers

In which cultural context are social harmony and collectivism prioritized?

Asian cultures Signup and view all the answers

Which value is NOT a key concept in Indigenous Psychology related to Filipino culture?

Modernization Signup and view all the answers

How does Cultural Frame of Reference explain variations in social behavior?

By considering cultural context Signup and view all the answers

What does Social Learning Theory emphasize as a key mechanism in shaping behavior?

Reinforcement and punishment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Roger William Brown (1925-1997)

Published seminal works on the primacy and halo effects
Inspired Stanley Milgram's research on obedience to authority
Wrote "Social Psychology" (1965) - a key textbook for training a generation of social psychologists
Made significant contributions to psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology

Donald Thomas Campbell (1916-1996)

Social psychologist and research methodologist
Co-authored some of the most frequently cited methodology books and articles
Former President of the American Psychological Association
Contributed to several fields beyond psychology, including sociology, anthropology, biology, and philosophy

Kenneth Bancroft Clark (1914-2005)

Conducted research with his wife Mamie Clark suggesting Black children preferred to play with White dolls
This research was cited by the US Supreme Court as evidence of segregation's harmful effects
First African American to be elected President of the American Psychological Association

Mamie Phipps Clark (1917-1983)

Completed a master's thesis that formed the basis of her and Kenneth Clark's research on the harmful effects of racial segregation
This research was cited by the US Supreme Court in "Brown v. Board of Education"

Leon Festinger (1919-1989)

Developed the theory of cognitive dissonance, which explains how people reduce discomfort caused by inconsistent beliefs and behaviors
Developed social comparison theory
Devised early nonparametric statistical tests
Studied the importance of proximity in social relationships

Fritz Heider (1896-1988)

Austrian-born Gestalt psychologist whose work helped to establish the field of social cognition
His "The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations" (1958) was influential in the development of attribution theory

Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

Known for his research on obedience to authority, which suggested that most people will obey an experimenter's order
Invented several research techniques, including the lost-letter, cyranoid, and small-world techniques

Maximilien Ringelmann (1861-1931)

French agricultural engineer who conducted early social psychology experiments in the 1880s
Demonstrated the "Ringelmann effect" (now known as social loafing), where individual productivity decreases in larger groups

Stanley Schachter (1922-1997)

Developed the "two-factor theory of emotion" in the 1950s, which posits that emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
Researched cognitive dissonance, misattribution, overeating, and addiction

Carolyn Word Sherif (1922-1982)

Conducted the "Robber's Cave" experiment with her husband, Muzafer Sherif
Developed social judgment theory with Carl Hovland
Studied gender identity, social values, and group dynamics
Former President of the Society for the Psychology of Women

Muzafer Sherif (1906-1988)

Turkish-born social psychologist who conducted the "Robber's Cave" experiment with his wife Carolyn
Demonstrated the effectiveness of superordinate goals in overcoming intergroup conflict
Studied norm formation and attitude change

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954)

First African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (Clark University, 1920)
Abstractor for "Psychological Bulletin" and "Journal of Social Psychology"
Established an independent psychology program at Howard University
Credited with founding the field of Black psychology

Henri Tajfel (1919-1982)

Devised the "minimal group paradigm" to study intergroup relations
Co-developed social identity theory with John Turner
Demonstrated that minimal groups quickly form identities and exhibit in-group favoritism

Norman Triplett (1861-1931)

Published one of the first experiments related to social psychology in the "American Journal of Psychology" (1898)
Showed that the presence of others can enhance performance

Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954): People evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others, influencing self-esteem, motivation, and social identity.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957): This theory explains how people reduce discomfort caused by inconsistent beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979): People derive self-esteem from group memberships and may exhibit in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination.
Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991): Intentions to engage in a behavior are influenced by attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958; Kelley, 1967): People explain the causes of behavior based on internal dispositions or external situations. Kelley's covariation model suggests attributions are based on consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977): People learn through observation, imitation, and modeling, highlighting reinforcement and punishment.
Minority Influence Theory (Moscovici, 1980): Minorities can influence majorities with consistency, confidence, and perceived flexibility.
Social Representations Theory (Moscovici, 1961): Group beliefs and shared meanings guide how people make sense of the social world.
Cultural Frame of Reference (Markus & Kitayama, 1991): Individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by their cultural context.
Indigenous Psychology (Enriquez, 1976): Focuses on using native concepts and cultural practices to understand social behavior, particularly relevant in Filipino psychology.

The scientific study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations.

Three Parts of Self-Concept

Ideal Self: The person you want to be
Self-Image: How you see yourself at this moment
Self-Esteem: How much you like and value yourself

How Self-Concept Develops

Interaction and observation of others
Stories we hear and characters we identify with
Media (mass and social media)

Can Self-Concept Be Changed?

Self-concept is not static and can be changed by:
- Our environment
- The people we interact with

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the influential works of notable social psychologists including Roger Williams Brown, Donald Thomas Campbell, and Kenneth Bancroft Clark. This quiz covers their significant contributions to the field, including groundbreaking research and key publications that shaped social psychology and related disciplines. Test your knowledge of their impact on psychology and society.