Social Determinants of Health and Disparities
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Questions and Answers

What demographic had the highest rate of suicide deaths in 2020?

  • Youth under 24
  • Black women
  • Middle-age white men (correct)
  • Elderly black men

What percentage of suicide deaths in 2020 were accounted for by firearms?

  • 69.68%
  • 35.6%
  • 52.83% (correct)
  • 130%

Which group experienced a significant increase in death by suicide over the past decade?

  • Hispanic adults
  • Asian men
  • White youth
  • Black people in the USA (correct)

What structural variable was found to be positively associated with suicide rates in all groups?

<p>Incarceration rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theoretical frameworks are suggested for examining risk and prevention of suicidality?

<p>Intersectionality and socio-ecological theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one assumption of the structural functional perspective regarding social problems?

<p>Good, stable infrastructures contribute to societal function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the concept of solidarity and collective consciousness within the structural functional perspective?

<p>Durkheim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the structural functional theory, what can trigger social problems?

<p>Failures in institutional processes and policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the conflict perspective highlight about societal functioning?

<p>Contradictory interests lead to inequalities and social change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research area examines the impact of deindustrialization on urban underclass as per structural functional analysis?

<p>Wilson - deindustrialization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of newly diagnosed HIV cases in 2022 were reported in the South?

<p>52% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geographic area had the lowest percentage of newly diagnosed HIV cases in 2022?

<p>U.S. territories and freely associated states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to racial perspectives on health, what is a consequence of childhood poverty?

<p>Inadequate education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which initiative is focused on areas with over 50% of HIV diagnoses in 2016 and 2017?

<p>Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the cumulative disadvantage experienced over a person's lifetime?

<p>Life course perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

David Williams is recognized for his work on which health disparity issue?

<p>Discrimination and health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of social determinants of health?

<p>They include stress and social ties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a health-related issue connected to discrimination?

<p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the highest death rates related to cancer?

<p>Black/African-American individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural factor is NOT mentioned as influencing COVID transmission?

<p>Income inequality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor affecting cancer screening among low-income individuals?

<p>Health literacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is more likely to smoke and drink alcohol, increasing cancer risks?

<p>Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer types show higher incidence rates in rural Appalachia compared to urban areas?

<p>Colorectal, lung, and cervical cancers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental condition can disproportionately affect cancer rates in certain communities?

<p>Lack of clean water or air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is least likely to receive recommended cancer screening tests?

<p>Individuals with low incomes and no health insurance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is suggested to influence behaviors that may increase cancer risk?

<p>Built environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gini Coefficient measure in relation to health?

<p>Distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a Social Determinant of Health?

<p>Individual lifestyle choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people worldwide are reported to be infected with HIV/AIDS?

<p>38.4 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can significantly reduce the likelihood of contracting HIV?

<p>Abstinence and safe sex practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'AIDS' stand for?

<p>Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is often linked to geographical disparities in health, particularly regarding air pollution?

<p>Associated fine particulates and ozone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recognized way HIV can be transmitted?

<p>Through unprotected sex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sociological perspective is important when analyzing AIDS?

<p>Morality and stigma associated with the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts describes the disadvantages that accumulate over time due to factors like racism and poverty?

<p>Cumulative Disadvantage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing access to healthcare and education for marginalized groups?

<p>Political representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the impact of social constructs on public perception regarding drugs?

<p>Stigma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist argues for the inclusion of information dissemination in public sociology?

<p>Herbert Gans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy topic is directly addressed through testimony and reports by sociology practitioners?

<p>Criminal justice reform (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sociologists often play in shaping civil rights policies?

<p>Research analysts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dynamic is frequently discussed in the context of poverty and inequality?

<p>Job creation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major health issue disproportionately affects marginalized populations?

<p>HIV/AIDS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Determinants of Health

Factors that influence health beyond biological factors. These include access to healthcare, education, economic stability, social and community context, and the built environment.

Health Disparities

Unequal distribution of health outcomes across different social groups. Some examples include income inequality, access to healthcare, and environmental factors.

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a society. A score closer to 0 represents perfect equality, while a score closer to 100 represents perfect inequality.

AIDS as a Social Problem

The impact of AIDS goes beyond biological illness; it involves social issues like stigma, morality judgments, and the influence of factors like poverty, racial inequality, and drug use.

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HIV Transmission

HIV can be transmitted through various ways, including unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which weakens the immune system and makes the body susceptible to various infections and diseases.

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Best Way to Reduce HIV Risk

Practicing safe sex (using condoms) and abstinence are the most effective ways to reduce the risk of contracting HIV.

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HIV Prevalence

As of now, approximately 38.4 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.

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Cumulative Disadvantage

The ongoing accumulation of disadvantages over a person's life course, leading to worse health outcomes.

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Life Course Perspective

Analyzing how health outcomes are influenced by social and environmental factors across a person's entire life.

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Structural Factors

Institutional and societal structures that contribute to health disparities, such as racial segregation, unequal access to resources, and discriminatory policies.

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Perceived Discrimination

The experience of being treated unfairly or differently because of one's race, ethnicity, or other social group membership.

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Acute vs. Chronic Discrimination

Acute discrimination is a single event, while chronic discrimination involves ongoing, repeated experiences of unfair treatment.

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Social Construction of Health

The idea that health is not solely determined by biological factors but is also shaped by social, economic, and cultural influences.

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Suicide Rates in the US

The age-adjusted suicide rate in the US in 2020 was 13.48 per 100,000 people. This rate is significantly higher for middle-aged white men, with men dying by suicide almost four times more often than women.

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Suicide Methods

In 2020, firearms were the most common method used in suicide deaths, accounting for over half of all cases.

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Rising Suicide Rates Among Black People

Suicide rates among Black people in the US have increased by 35.6% in the past decade, with a particularly concerning rise among Black youth under the age of 24.

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Incarceration and Suicide

Research shows a positive correlation between incarceration rates and suicide rates across all demographic groups. This suggests that incarceration negatively impacts mental health and increases the risk of suicide.

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Structural Factors in Suicide

Researchers are exploring state-level variables like incarceration rates to understand differences in suicide rates between Black and white people. This approach recognizes the influence of systemic issues like racism on mental health and suicide.

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Social Determinants of COVID-19

Factors beyond individual choices that shape COVID-19 transmission and impact, including economic disparities, racial inequalities, and access to healthcare.

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Structural Perspective on COVID-19

Examining how social structures like healthcare access, working conditions, and poverty influence both COVID-19 exposure and recovery.

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Recursive Nature of COVID-19 Impact

The cyclical relationship between social factors influencing COVID-19 risks and how the virus itself further worsens these existing inequalities.

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Health Disparities in Cancer

Unequal cancer burdens across different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.

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Cancer Risk Factors: Race & Ethnicity

Differences in cancer incidence and mortality rates are observed among various racial and ethnic groups, often tied to disparities in access to care and genetic factors.

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Cancer Risk Factors: Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Lower socioeconomic status is linked to increased cancer risk and worse outcomes, often due to limited access to healthcare, preventive screenings, and healthy lifestyle choices.

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Cancer Risk Factors: Sexual Identity

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals may face higher cancer risk due to factors like smoking and alcohol use, potentially influenced by societal stigma and discrimination.

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Barriers to Cancer Screening and Treatment

Financial constraints, lack of access to transportation, insufficient health literacy, and limited paid leave hinder individuals from receiving timely and comprehensive cancer care.

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Social Construction of Problems

The idea that what's considered a 'social problem' isn't fixed, but changes based on society's values, beliefs, and power dynamics.

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Structural Functionalism

A social theory that sees society as a system with parts working together for stability. Problems arise when parts malfunction, disrupting the balance.

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Social Disorganization Theory

This theory suggests that crime and other social problems happen in areas with weak community bonds, lack of social control, and disrupted social structures.

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Conflict Theory

A theory that sees society as a place where groups with different interests compete for power and resources, creating social problems as a result of inequality.

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Merton's Strain Theory

This theory explains deviance as a response to a gap between societal goals (like wealth) and the means to achieve them (like education or jobs).

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Power in Policy

The ability of certain groups to influence, create, and implement policies that affect others, particularly in areas like the criminal justice system.

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Social Stigma

The negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors directed towards individuals or groups based on perceived differences or characteristics.

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Public Sociology

The practice of applying sociological knowledge and research to address real-world issues and engage with the public.

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Penal Expansion

The increasing scale and scope of the criminal justice system, including more laws, harsher punishments, and greater incarceration.

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The Role of Media

The media plays a powerful role in shaping public perception, influencing policy agendas, and creating narratives around social issues.

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What Role for Sociologists?

Sociologists can engage in research, teaching, public engagement, policy advocacy, and community organizing to address social issues and promote justice.

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Study Notes

Determinants of Health

  • Health is considered both biological and sociological
  • Recent research emphasizes social determinants of health
  • These include access to health care, education, economic stability, and social/community context
  • Neighborhood and built environments are included

U.S. Health Disparities

  • Health disparities exist by socioeconomic class
  • Lower-income residents experience fewer healthy days, particularly due to air pollution
  • Health disparities are often geographically linked

Inequality and Health Connection

  • The Gini coefficient measures income/consumption inequality within an economy
  • A Gini index of 0 means perfect equality, 100 means perfect inequality

HIV/AIDS as a Social Problem

  • Sociologists analyze HIV/AIDS as a social problem, asking why it was initially prevalent among gay men
  • Aspects to explore include disease stigma, societal attitudes, poverty, racial/ethnic inequality, drug use, and other stigmatized groups

HIV/AIDS Transmission

  • Transmission routes include sexual contact, blood transfusions, shared needles, and mother-to-child transmission (vertical)
  • A woman can transmit HIV to a fetus during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding
  • The risk of transmission during childbirth, if no breastfeeding is 15-30%, and 30-45% if breastfeeding

Decrease Likelihood of Contraction

  • Abstinence is the most effective method to decrease risk
  • Safe sex practices, not sharing needles, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can also decrease risk

History of HIV/AIDS

  • The first case in the U.S. was in 1981
  • HIV is a descendant of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in chimpanzees

Who Does HIV/AIDS Affect?

  • Approximately 38.4 million people worldwide are infected with HIV
  • In 2020, the estimated incidence of HIV was approximately 50,000 new cases per year in the U.S.
  • In 2013 an estimated 47,352 people were diagnosed with HIV infection; 26,688 with AIDS in the United States
  • Over 38 million people have been infected and approximately 658,507 people have died

Summary

  • HIV/AIDS is a major global public health issue requiring multifaceted interventions

Social Construction of HIV/AIDS

  • Societal perceptions, labeling, and reactions can influence individual experiences with HIV/AIDS
  • Poverty, racism, education, and other social situations can impact the occurrence of and spread of HIV/AIDS

Health Disparities and Cancer

  • Racial and ethnic groups experience differing cancer-related health outcomes, often linked to social determinants, socioeconomic disparity, lack of access and quality of health care leading to disparities in survival rates.

Screening and Treatment Disparities

  • Individuals lacking access to adequate health care are more likely to encounter late-stage diagnosis of cancer
  • Lack of insurance and trust in healthcare systems, along with various discrimination factors can prevent vulnerable groups from receiving early diagnosis, treatment and care leading to reduced survival rates.

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Description

Explore the various determinants of health that encompass both biological and social factors, focusing on how issues like economic stability and education influence health outcomes. This quiz also examines U.S. health disparities, the impact of income inequality, and the sociological perspectives on HIV/AIDS as a significant social problem.

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