Sleep Disorders and Neurochemical Control Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of poor sleep on weight gain?

  • Reduction in non-intentional movements can increase weight gain (correct)
  • Poor sleepers are more likely to have a higher metabolism
  • Poor sleep has no impact on weight gain
  • Poor sleepers are more likely to exercise excessively

    • What is the purpose of Electroencephalography (EEG) in studying sleep?

  • To monitor heart rate during sleep
  • To measure blood oxygen levels during sleep
  • To track eye movement during sleep
  • To measure electrical activity of the neocortex across a time-series graph (correct)

    • What triggers the pons' REM-onset functions in narcoleptics?

  • Injured hypothalamus (correct)
  • Overactive amygdala
  • Stimulated retinal cells
  • Increased melanopsin levels

    • What sets or resets the biological clock in humans?

    <p>Daylight (blue-spectrum, or sun light)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of the hypothalamus that receives direct input from the retina?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the release of melanopsin into the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

    <p>Stimulation of retinal cells by (blue) light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do high levels of melanopsin during the day cause the subparaventricular zone (SPZ) to do?

    <p>Inhibit the sleep-on area of the vl-POA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the neurons in the SCN regulate sleep-wake cycles?

    <p>Through the production and destruction of protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic mutation is associated with early sleep and early wake up?

    <p>Advanced sleep phase syndrome per2 mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pineal gland important for in terms of regulating rhythms?

    <p>Seasonal rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does melatonin work like in terms of speeding up changes in biological rhythms?

    <p>A lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is melatonin sold as, despite having no evidence of reducing sleep latency?

    <p>Sleep aid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transition to daylight savings time (DST) associated with, according to the text?

    <p>A spike in heart attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain wave activity is characteristic of Stage 1 of sleep?

    <p>Theta waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sleep spindles?

    <p>Short bursts of high-frequency activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up 20% to 50% of brain activity during Stage 3 of sleep?

    <p>Delta waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of REM sleep?

    <p>Paralysis of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does alcohol have on REM sleep?

    <p>Reduces REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Primary Hypersomnia?

    <p>Excessive daytime sleepiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people in the US are affected by Insomnia?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Restless Legs Syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Involuntary limb movements during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic cannabis use have on REM sleep?

    <p>Reduces REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of brain activity during sleep?

    <p>Widespread and synchronized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible function of K Complexes and Spindles during sleep?

    <p>Memory consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Stage 4 of sleep consist of?

    <p>Delta waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep disorder is often linked to iron deficiency, kidney disease, and peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep apnea is often associated with obesity?

    <p>Obstructive sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurochemical plays a crucial role in sleep-wake regulation and is deficient in narcoleptics?

    <p>Orexin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep disorder involves a failure to become paralyzed during REM sleep, leading to acting out dreams?

    <p>REM Sleep Behavior Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sleep deprivation ultimately result in?

    <p>Psychosis, hallucinations, and delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurochemical inhibits neural activity, promoting sleep?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area strongly promotes sleep?

    <p>Ventrolateral preoptic area (vl-POA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary importance of sleep, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Recovery and enhancement of neural circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does narcolepsy cause, in addition to irresistible sleep episodes?

    <p>Sudden paralysis (cataplexy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurochemical is produced in the lateral hypothalamus and acts as a switch between wakeful and sleep states?

    <p>Orexin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between the amygdala and narcolepsy symptoms?

    <p>Amygdala triggers REM onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep disorder involves urinating during sleep?

    <p>Nocturnal enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sleep Disorders and Neurochemical Control

    • Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) can affect anyone, with a slight female predominance, and is hereditary, often linked to iron deficiency, kidney disease, and peripheral neuropathy.
    • RLS is treated with dopamine agonists, iron augmentation (if deficient), opioids, and anti-epileptics for severe cases.
    • Two types of sleep apnea exist: central sleep apnea, where the brain's breathing regulation falters, and obstructive sleep apnea, often associated with obesity.
    • Narcolepsy causes irresistible sleep episodes triggered by intense emotional arousal, with cataplexy leading to sudden paralysis and sleep paralysis occurring before sleep.
    • REM Sleep Behavior Disorder involves a failure to become paralyzed during REM sleep, leading to acting out dreams.
    • Slow-wave associated sleep problems include nocturnal enuresis, where patients urinate during sleep.
    • The evolutionary importance of sleep is evident as sleep deprivation leads to psychosis, hallucinations, and delusions, ultimately resulting in death.
    • Sleep allows the brain to recover and enhance neural circuits, with neurochemicals like acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin playing crucial roles in sleep-wake regulation.
    • Adenosine inhibits neural activity, promoting sleep, and brain areas like the ventrolateral preoptic area (vl-POA) strongly promote sleep.
    • Orexin, produced in the lateral hypothalamus, acts as a switch between wakeful and sleep states and is deficient in narcoleptics, leading to sporadic sleep episodes.
    • Orexin's role in narcolepsy is linked to the hypothalamus's inhibitory effect on the amygdala, which is disrupted in narcoleptics, leading to exaggerated emotional responses.
    • The amygdala's connection to the pons triggers REM onset, contributing to narcolepsy symptoms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of sleep disorders and the neurochemical control of sleep with this quiz. Explore conditions like Restless Leg Syndrome, Sleep Apnea, Narcolepsy, and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, and understand the role of neurochemicals such as dopamine, orexin, adenosine, and more in regulating sleep-wake cycles.

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