chap 8 anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What are the four main components of the skeletal system?

Bones, Joints, Muscles, Tendons

Bones, Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments

Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Tendons

Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Ligaments (correct)

What is the function of the skeletal system in storing minerals?

Stores minerals like iron and magnesium, which are crucial for muscle function

Stores minerals like sodium and potassium, which are crucial for nerve function.

Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which are crucial for bone health. (correct)

Stores minerals like copper and zinc, which are crucial for immune function.

What is the primary function of bone marrow?

Production of blood cells (correct)

Production of cartilage

Storage of fat

Support and protection of organs

Which of the following is NOT a classification of bone by size and shape?

Round Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone is dense and hard, while spongy bone is porous and light. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is responsible for bone growth in length?

Epiphyseal disc Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Build and repair bone tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outside of a bone?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of ossification?

Appositional Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for bone growth in length?

Epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue?

Resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of a large, knob-like projection found only on the femur?

Trochanter Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone fracture is characterized by a break that does not completely go through the bone?

Greenstick Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface of a bone?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is formed through intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the opening that allows passage for blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments?

Foramen Signup and view all the answers

What bones make up the lower limb?

Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for movement in all directions?

Ball-and-socket Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a bone found in the foot?

Radius Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the joint found between the atlas and axis vertebrae?

Pivot Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the patella?

To protect the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bony prominence on the medial side of the ankle?

Medial malleolus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the pelvic girdle?

Attachment for the lower limbs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for side-to-side and back-and-forth movement?

Condyloid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vertebrae?

Some vertebrae articulate with ribs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lateral curvature of the spine?

Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these parts is NOT part of the sternum?

Costal Margin Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

Angle of Louis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pectoral girdle?

Sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bones is found in the upper limb?

Radius Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that articulates with the scapula and the humerus?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of rib?

Costal ribs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is part of the cranium?

Frontal bone Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the foramen magnum belong to?

Occipital bone Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is described as butterfly-shaped and forms the floor and sides of the cranium?

Sphenoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sinuses?

Lighten the skull and modulate voice sound Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones contains the only movable joint in the face?

Mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are classified as facial bones?

Facial bones including mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic bones Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the thoracic cage?

Ribs, sternum, and vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

Which suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones?

Coronal suture Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fontanels in an infant's skull?

Allow for cranial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the vertebral column is responsible for nodding the head up and down?

Atlas (C1) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a section of the vertebral column?

Pelvic Signup and view all the answers

What structure encases and protects the spinal cord?

Vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebra is responsible for the rotational motion of the head, allowing a 'no' gesture?

Axis (C2) Signup and view all the answers

Which curvature in the vertebral column is primarily associated with the lumbar region?

Lumbar Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue covers the fontanels in an infant's skull?

Fibrous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Overview

The skeletal system is composed of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments.
The skeletal system supports body weight and protects soft organs.
Muscles work with the skeletal system to enable body movement.
The skeletal system stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Bone marrow within the bones produces blood cells.

Bone Classification

Bones can be classified by shape (long, short, flat, irregular).
Examples of different bone shapes are shown
Long bones include those in the arms and legs (e.g., femur, humerus).
Short bones are cube-shaped, found in the wrist and ankle.
Flat bones are thin and flat (e.g., skull bones).
Irregular bones have complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).

Bone Structure

Compact bone is hard and dense, found in the shafts of long bones.
Osteons (Haversian systems) are the structural unit of compact bone.
Spongy bone is porous and lightweight, found in the ends of long bones and inner portions of bones.
Trabeculae are needle-like projections in spongy bone, forming a "swiss cheese" pattern.

Long Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The shaft of the long bone.
Epiphysis: The rounded ends of a long bone.
Epiphyseal disc: A layer of cartilage that allows bone growth in length.
Medullary cavity: The hollow space inside the diaphysis.
Periosteum: The membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone.
Articular cartilage: Covers the epiphysis where it meets other bones in joints.

Bone Growth

Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal disc due to osteoblast activity.
Osteoblasts are bone-building cells, forming bone.
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells.
Bone growth in width results from osteoclasts hollowing the bone and osteoblasts building on the outer surface.
Growth hormones, estrogen, and testosterone influence bone growth in length.

Bone Markings (Bumps and Grooves)

Condyle: A large, rounded prominence.
Epicondyle: A projection near a condyle.
Head: An enlarged, rounded end of a bone.
Facet: A smooth, flat articular surface.
Crest: A prominent ridge.
Spine: A sharp projection, often slender.
Tuberosity: A large, rounded projection.
Trochanter: A large projection found only on the femur.
Foramen: An opening, often for nerves or blood vessels.
Fossa: A shallow depression.
Meatus: A canal or tube-like passageway.
Sinus: A cavity or hollow space, often air-filled.

Bone Fractures

Simple fracture: A break does not penetrate the skin.
Compound fracture: A break that penetrates the skin.
Greenstick fracture: An incomplete break in the bone.

Axial Skeleton

Skull: Cranium, facial bones, middle ear bones, hyoid bone
Vertebral column: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Thoracic cage: Ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

Cranial Bones

Cranium bones are eight bones: Frontal, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
Facial bones are fourteen bones: include Mandible, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Palatine and other facial bones
Middle ear bones are three bones: Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Hyoid bone: supports the tongue and throat

Cranial Cavities (Sinuses)

Air-filled cavities (sinuses) are located within the cranium bones. They lighten the skull and affect the sound of the voice.
Examples include frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses.

Skull Sutures

Sutures are fibrous joints connecting cranial bones, holding them together.
Examples include coronal, lambdoidal, and squamous sutures.

Infant Skull Fontanels

Fontanels are soft spots in an infant's skull.
These are areas where fibrous tissue connects the cranial bones before fusing to solid bone and allow for cranial growth.

Vertebral Column

The spine has several sections or regions, with different numbers of vertebrae in each. These sections include Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacrum and Coccyx.
The spine has normal curves in the Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral regions.
Vertebrae have bodies, vertebral foramina, lamina, and spinous processes. The vertebral bodies are cushioned by intervertebral discs.

Appendicular Skeleton Summary

Includes the pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), pelvic girdle (coxal bones), and lower limbs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).

Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle consists of the three fused coxal bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
The pelvic structure differs in males and females. The female pelvic opening is broader and shallower allowing for childbirth.
The pelvis supports the body weight and protects the internal organs.

Types of Joints and Joint Movement

Joints are classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.
Freely movable joints have articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid (joint fluid), and associated ligaments (and bursa in some cases).
Types of freely movable joints include hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid joints.
Joint movement includes flexion, extension, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, circumduction.

Clinically Important Synovial Joints

Tibiofemoral (knee)
Glenohumeral (shoulder)
Humeroulnar (elbow)
Coxal (hip)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the components and functions of the skeletal system. This quiz covers various aspects including bone structure, functions of cells, and types of bone fractures. Ideal for students studying human anatomy or related biological sciences.