Anatomy Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ligaments in the skeletal system?

Provide support and stability to joints (correct)

Assist in blood supply to bones

Connect cartilage to muscle

Enable muscle movement

Which structure is specifically referred to as the growth plate in long bones?

Metaphysis (correct)

Diaphysis

Periosteum

Epiphysis

What type of bone is known for its hardness and density, forming the outer shell of bones?

Cancellous bone

Periosteum

Cortical bone (correct)

Cartilage

What instrumentation is required to strip the periosteal layer from a bone during fracture repair?

Periosteal Elevators Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff in the shoulder?

Four specific muscles Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the long bone is cancellous bone primarily located?

Epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes tendons?

Form at the ends of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the synovial membrane in joints?

To cover articulating surfaces and produce fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a bone graft?

To fill defects and promote union of fractures Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone graft is harvested from the patient's own body?

Autograft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)?

Direct visualization of the fracture site Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Closed Reduction?

Direct access to the fracture site Signup and view all the answers

What type of graft is characterized as hard dense bone that requires stabilization?

Cortical bone graft Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical intervention involves rigid fixation without opening the fracture site?

External Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication that can arise from an Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)?

Wound infections Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical count is mentioned as relevant in perioperative nursing considerations?

Minor surgical count Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of fracture surgery aimed at preserving patient mobility?

Mobilization of patients early Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is specifically used for cancellous bone grafts?

Bone curette Signup and view all the answers

Which bones comprise the acetabulum to connect with the femoral head?

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the knee joint?

Collateral, Menisci, and Cruciate ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Greater Trochanter?

Connection for muscles and ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of bones found in the foot?

Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalanges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the tourniquet?

Creates a bloodless surgical field Signup and view all the answers

Which types of instruments are included in power surgical instruments?

Power drill, Battery, and Attachments Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured when handing over pneumatic tools to the surgeon?

Correct cord is attached and safety lock is on Signup and view all the answers

What is used to fixate an implant system during surgery?

Bone Cement (PMMA) Signup and view all the answers

How many cervical vertebrae are present in the spine?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What type of imaging is provided by the C-Arm during surgical procedures?

Fluoroscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of graft used in anterior cruciate ligament repair?

Patellar tendon graft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA)?

Preservation of normal ligaments and maintenance of normal range of motion Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical fixation method is typically used for intertrochanteric fractures?

Dynamic hip screw (DHS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with femoral neck fractures in elderly women?

Nonunion and avascular necrosis of the femoral head Signup and view all the answers

Which prosthetic design reduces friction in total hip arthroplasty?

Bipolar prosthetic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of screw is often used in conjunction with the ASIF/AO Plating System for long bone fractures?

Locking compression screw Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using intramedullary rods or nails for fixing long bone fractures?

Increases load sharing and decreases implant breakage Signup and view all the answers

When fixing a bone, which step is performed directly after tapping the hole?

Select the screw and/or plate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments is NOT included in the basic setup for the ASIF/AO Plating System?

Suture Set Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when treating a meniscal tear?

Preservation of the knee structures Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is the Gamma Nail primarily used for?

Intertrochanteric fractures Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical method is considered least invasive for diagnosing knee conditions?

Arthroscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using normal saline during an arthroscopy procedure?

To enhance visibility of the surgical site Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is applied first when fixing a bone after stabilizing the fracture?

Drill the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is utilized to create a stable canal for the screw in bone fixation?

Drill Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, supporting soft tissues and enabling locomotion.
Muscles cover bones and provide movement; ligaments connect bone to bone for joint stability; tendons transmit forces from muscles to bones.
Cartilage forms an elastic tissue layer at bones' ends for support and stability; joints are articulations connecting bones.

Long Bones Structure

Diaphysis: Shaft and center of long bone.
Epiphysis: Ends of long bone containing cancellous bone.
Metaphysis: Connects epiphysis with diaphysis, contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate.

Functional Anatomy

Periosteum: Connective tissue covering bones, allows for regeneration after being stripped via periosteal elevators.
Cortical Bone: Hard and dense, forming the outer shell; cancellous bone: soft, spongy tissue located at the ends of long bones and contains bone marrow.

Joint Anatomy

Shoulder: Ball and socket joint with a rotator cuff comprised of four muscles.
Hip: Ball and socket joint formed by the acetabulum (comprised of ilium, pubis, and ischium) and femoral head.
Knee: Hinge joint supported by collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL), menisci (medial and lateral), and cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior).

Lower Extremity Anatomy

Foot: Hinge joint formed by the tibia and fibula; consists of tarsal (7), metatarsal (5), and phalangeal (14) bones.
Spine: Comprised of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, plus fused sacrum and coccyx.

Surgical Equipment

Operating Room Table: Specific tables for spinal and fracture surgeries.
Power Surgical Instruments: Includes drills and saws, with pneumatic options common.
Radiography: Utilizes C-arms for fluoroscopy; protective lead must be worn.
Tourniquets: Create a bloodless surgical field for better visualization.

Bone Grafting

Autografts: Harvested from the patient; allografts: sourced from a tissue bank.
Cancellous Grafts: Spongy and vascular, promote healing; cortical grafts: dense and require stabilization with hardware.

Fracture Management

Types of surgeries include closed reduction, external fixation, and Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF).
Closed reduction involves manipulation without incision, often using casts; external fixation maintains bone stability while avoiding soft tissue disruption; ORIF provides direct visualization and fixation.

Fixation Methods

Common fixation devices include pins, screws (cannulated and non-cannulated), plates, rods, and nails.
Prevention of infection and promotion of early mobilization are vital in fracture management.

Total Joint Arthroplasty

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA): Aimed to replace worn surfaces due to arthritis, with fixation options including cemented, uncemented, or hybrid methods.
Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA): Addressing femoral neck fractures often requires prosthetic replacement, which may be unipolar or bipolar.

Surgical Procedures

Knee surgeries often address meniscal tears and ACL repairs with arthroscopy; TKA focuses on maintaining normal joint motion.
Hip surgeries may involve fixing various types of femoral neck fractures, requiring appropriate fixation techniques to ensure healing.

Medications and Safety Precautions

Bone wax is used for hemostasis; bacitracin aids irrigation for contaminated bone.
Safety protocols for equipment involve ensuring instruments function properly and using antibiotics appropriately to prevent infection.

Principles of Patient Care

PPE essential: face shield, gloves, and gowns.
Surgical counts and proper draping techniques are critical in maintaining sterility and instrument handling.

Summary of Surgical Goals

Aim to restore anatomical function, fix fractures securely for healing, preserve blood supply, and facilitate early patient mobilization for rehabilitation.

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Description

Dive into the fundamentals of the skeletal system and the structure of long bones. This quiz covers essential concepts such as bone types, joint mechanics, and the role of connective tissues in supporting locomotion and stability. Assess your understanding of human anatomy's key aspects.

Anatomy Overview - Skeletal System