Chapter 8 Anatomy PDF

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy’s The Human Body in Health and Illness 6th edition Chapter 8 Skeletal System Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 8.1 Function and Structure of the Skeletal System 1. Li...

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy’s The Human Body in Health and Illness 6th edition Chapter 8 Skeletal System Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 8.1 Function and Structure of the Skeletal System 1. List the functions of the skeletal system and the classification of bones by size and shape. 2. Differentiate between the composition and location of compact and spongy bone. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. 4. Describe the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and how bones grow in length and width. 2 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Introduction  The skeletal system is composed of:  Bones  Joints  Cartilage  Ligaments 3 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Skeletal System: What It Does  Supports body weight  Supports and protects soft organs  With muscles, enables body movement  Stores important minerals, including calcium and phosphorus  Contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells 4 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Many Sizes and Shapes of Bones  Long  Short  Flat  Irregular 5 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Two Types of Bone  Compact or hard  Osteons  Shafts: Long bones  Spongy or soft  Trabecular plates  Swiss cheese  Bone marrow 6 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Compact and Spongy Bone 7 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Long Bones  Diaphysis  Epiphysis  Epiphyseal disc  Medullary cavity  Periosteum  Articular cartilage 8 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Two Types of Ossification  Intramembranous ossification  Replacement of thin connective tissue membrane with bone  In flat bones  Endochondral ossification  Replacement of fetal cartilage skeleton with bone  In long, irregular, and short bones 9 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Ossification in the Fetus  Intramembranous ossification  In flat bones of skull  Endochondral ossification  In all other bones 10 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bones: Growing Taller  Occurs at the epiphyseal disc  Osteoblasts invade cartilage in disc  They mature into osteocytes (bone)  Affected by hormones  Growth hormone  Estrogen  Testosterone 11 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bones: Growing Wider  Sculptor (osteoclasts) hollows bone  Builder (osteoblasts) deposits bone on outer surface  Osteoclastic activity is called resorption 12 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bumps and Grooves  Condyle: Large knob  Epicondyle: Enlargement near a condyle  Head: Enlarged, rounded end  Facet: Small flattened surface  Crest: Ridge  Spine: Sharp projection  Tuberosity: Knoblike projection  Trochanter: Large tuberosity only on femur 13 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bumps and Grooves, cont’d  Foramen: Opening, usually passage for nerves, blood vessels, ligaments  Fossa: Groove  Meatus: Tunnel or tubelike passageway  Sinus: Cavity or hollow space 14 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Broken Bones  Simple  Compound  Greenstick 15 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 8.2 The Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton, and Joints 5. List the bones of the axial skeleton and label important landmarks on selected bones. 6. List the bones of the appendicular skeleton and label important landmarks on selected bones. 7. List the main types and functions of joints and describe the type of joint movement 16 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bones of the Axial Skeleton  Skull: Cranium, facial, middle ear bones  Hyoid  Vertebral column  Thoracic cage: Ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae 17 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bones of the Skull  Cranium composed of eight bones  Frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone  Facial bones (14)  Mandible contains only movable joint  Hyoid bone  Middle ear bones 18 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Bones of the Skull, cont’d 19 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Cranium  Temporal bone  External auditory meatus  Zygomatic process  Styloid process  Mastoid process  Occipital bone  Foramen magnum  Occipital condyles 20 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Cranial Bones  Sphenoid bone  Butterfly-shaped  Forms floor and sides of the cranium  Sella turica  Ethmoid bone  Located between the eye orbits  Major supporting structure of the nasal cavity 21 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Facial Bones  Mandible  Maxilla  Palatine bones  Zygomatic bones  Other facial bones 22 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Sinuses  Air-filled cavities that lighten the skull and modulate the sound of the voice  Frontal  Ethmoidal  Sphenoidal  Maxillary 23 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  How Skull Bones are Held Together  Suture  Coronal  Lanbdoidal  Squamosal 24 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Infant Skull and Fontanels  Fontanels are soft spots  Anterior and occipital fontanels  Not yet converted to bone  Covered with fibrous tissue  Allow for cranial growth 25 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fontanels of the Infant Skull 26 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Vertebral Column  Sections  Cervical  Thoracic  Curves  Lumbar  Cervical  Sacrum and  Thoracic coccyx  Lumbar  Sacral 27 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Vertebral Column, cont’d 28 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  The Vertebral Column, cont’d  Functions  Support structure for the head and thorax  Attachment for the pelvic girdle  Encases and protects the spinal cord  Provides for flexibility  Named according to location 29 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Vertebrae  Atlas (C1): Nods “yes”  Axis (C2): Rotates “no”  Other vertebral parts  Vertebral foramen  Body  Lamina  Spinous process  Padded by intervertebral discs 30 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy of a Vertebra 31 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Characteristics of Vertebrae  Body is padded by cartilaginous disc, supports weight of the vertebrae  Some processes provide sites of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles  Some articulate with bones  Vertebral foramen is opening for spinal cord  Bodies of vertebrae are padded and separated by cartilaginous discs 32 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Curvatures  Scoliosis: Lateral curve  Kyphosis: Hunchback  Lordosis: Swayback 33 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Thoracic Cage  Sternum  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid process  Ribs (12 pairs)  Seven pairs of true ribs  Five pairs of false ribs, including two pairs of floating ribs  Thoracic vertebrae 34 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Thoracic Cage, cont’d 35 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lines and Angles  Midsternal line  Midclavicular lines  Costal margins  Costal angle  Angle of Louis 36 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton  Shoulder girdle  Scapulae  Clavicles  Upper limbs  Pelvic girdle  Coxal bones  Lower limbs 37 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) and Upper Limb  Pectoral girdle  Clavicle  Scapula  Upper limb  Humerus  Radius and ulna  Carpals  Metacarpals  Phalanges 38 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Bones of the Upper Limbs 39 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Pelvic Girdle: Coxal Bones  Functions  Weight bearing  Attachment for lower limbs  Protection of organs  Coxal bone  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis 40 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Pelvic Cavity 41 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Pelvic Cavity, cont'd 42 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lower Limbs  Thigh  Femur ( with trochanters)  Leg bones  Patella (kneecap)  Tibia (with medial malleolus)  Fibula (with lateral malleolus) 43 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lower Limb: Ankle and Foot  Foot bones  Tarsals  Metatarsals  Phalanges  Arches  Form instep 44 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Bones of the Foot 45 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Types of Joints  Immovable  Slightly movable  Freely movable 46 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Structure of Freely Movable Joints  Articular cartilage  Joint capsule  Synovial membrane  Synovial fluid  Cartilage  Some joints also have:  Bursae  Ligaments 47 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Naming Joints  Temporomandibular  Tibiofemoral  Metacarpophalangeal  Glenohumeral  Acromioclavicular  Sternomanubrial 48 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Types of Moving Synovial Joints  Hinge: Elbows, knees  Ball-and-socket: Shoulders, hips  Pivot: Atlas-axis joint  Saddle: Carpometacarpal  Gliding: Wrist  Condyloid: Knuckles 49 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Clinically “Big” Synovial Joints  Tibiofemoral (knee)  Tibia and femur  Glenohumeral (shoulder)  Glenoid cavity and humerus  Humeroulnar (elbow)  Humerus and ulna  Coxal (hip)  Femur and acetabulum 50 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Types of Joint Movement  Flexion-extension  Plantar flexion  Dorsiflexion  Hyperextension  Abduction-adduction  Inversion  Eversion  Supination  Pronation  Circumduction 51 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Joint Movement, cont’d 52 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Questions? 53 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.