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Skeletal Muscles move the ______
skeleton
Cardiac Muscle allows contraction of the ______
heart
Smooth muscle allows contraction and relaxation of the ______
vasculature
Nerve cells connect all parts of the body to the ______
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The brain is made of ______ nerve cells
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Nerve cells make ______ connections (synapses) with other nerve cells in the brain
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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a ______ metre hollow tube
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Water and food enter the GIT through your ______
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Waste gas is excreted via the ______
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Skeletal muscle is not connected to ______
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Osteoblasts are responsible for the ______ of bones.
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Osteoclasts secrete acid to break down ______.
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Bones typically become weaker after age ______ due to changes in resorption and deposition rates.
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Chondrocytes are a fourth cell type involved in the growth of ______ bones.
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A lack of growth hormone can result in a condition known as ______.
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Bone marrow contains stem cells that produce ______ blood cells.
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Skeletal muscles are responsible for moving the ______.
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The epiphyseal ______ is the area where bone elongation stops in late adolescence.
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The longest axon in humans is approximately ______ long.
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Neuroglia provide structural and functional support to ______.
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Connective tissue performs functions such as binds, supports, protects, and ______ spaces.
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Adipocytes are cells wrapped around fat ______.
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An organ is a structure within the body comprising two or more different tissue ______.
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Water is absorbed into the ______ and kidneys regulate the total amount of water in the blood.
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An excess of water is excreted via the ______.
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O2 is essential for oxidative phosphorylation, the major pathway for ______ production in the body.
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Diaphragm contraction and relaxation moves ______ and drives gas exchange.
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Oxygen must reach these cells for ______ production.
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Each beat of the heart moves approximately ______ ml of blood.
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CO2 and waste are transported for ______.
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Each cell in your body is supported by two red blood ______.
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The heart pumps blood around the ______.
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Glucose is also required to reach these ______.
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Insulin regulates blood ______.
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The largest organ system of an animal is the ______ system.
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The major organs of the __________ system include the brain, CNS, and PNS.
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Muscle tissue includes three cell types: skeletal, cardiac, and ______.
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The primary function of the heart in the __________ system is to move blood.
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____________ immune responses involve immediate action against pathogens.
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___________ determines the color of skin and is influenced by the level of melanin.
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The __________ system is responsible for the production of eggs and sperm.
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Neurons are the primary cells of the ______ tissue.
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The stomach and intestines are part of the __________ system, which is responsible for food breakdown.
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- Three cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
- Osteoblasts deposit new bone throughout the lifespan of an organism.
- Osteocytes are terminally differentiated osteoblasts that become embedded in the bone matrix, composed of hydroxyapatite (calcium mineral) and osteoid (protein).
- Osteoclasts resorb bone by secreting acid to breakdown hydroxyapatite and enzymes to breakdown osteoid.
- The ability to create and breakdown bone allows for the repair of broken limbs.
- Bone strength decreases after 30 years of age, as the rate of resorption exceeds the rate of deposition.
- Long bones grow during childhood, a fourth cell type called chondrocytes divided and enlarge under the influence of growth hormone (GH).
- Lack of GH leads to achondroplasia (dwarfism).
- Chondrocytes become trapped during calcification, die, and are replaced by osteoblasts.
- GH treatment works for children but not for adults.
- Bones stop elongating in late adolescence once the epiphyseal plate forms.
- Bone marrow contains stem cells that produce red blood cells and cells of the immune system.
Muscular System
- Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
- Skeletal muscles move the skeleton (with three exceptions).
- Cardiac muscle allows contraction of the heart.
- Smooth muscle allows contraction and relaxation of the vasculature (blood vessels) and digestive system.
- Muscles are controlled by "animal electricity," discovered by Luigi Galvani in the late 1700s.
Nervous System
- Nerve cells connect all parts of the body to the brain.
- The brain is made of 10^11 nerve cells (0.1% of total cells in the body).
- Nerve cells make 10^14 connections (synapses) with other nerve cells in the brain.
- Nerves conduct electrical impulses and control muscle movement, hormone secretion.
- Nerve function can be blocked by neurotoxins, which can have therapeutic or fatal consequences.
Digestive System
- Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a 4.5 meter hollow tube stretching from the mouth to the rectum.
- Water and food enter the GIT.
- Useful material is absorbed.
- Waste gas is excreted via the lungs (see Respiratory system).
- Waste water is excreted via the kidneys (see Renal System).
- Unabsorbed material is lost as feces.
Urinary System
- Water is absorbed into the blood, and kidneys regulate the total amount of water in the blood.
- Excess water is excreted via the kidneys.
- Kidneys are major regulatory organs.
Respiratory System
- Oxygen (O2) is essential for oxidative phosphorylation, the major pathway for ATP production in the body (see Biochemistry).
- Diaphragm contraction and relaxation moves lungs and drives gas exchange.
- ATP production occurs in virtually every cell in the body, so O2 must reach these cells.
- Glucose is also required to reach these cells.
- All cells also produce CO2 and other waste products, hence the need for a circulatory system.
Circulatory System
- Heart pumps blood around the body, beating approximately 3 billion times in a lifetime.
- Oxygen is carried by erythrocytes (RBCs), and nutrients dissolved in plasma are transported to cells.
- CO2 and waste are transported for excretion.
- Each heartbeat moves ~70 ml of blood.
Endocrine System
- Insulin regulates blood glucose.
- Hormones secreted into the blood can reach any part of the body (though not as fast as nerve impulses).
Immune System
- Discrimination between self and non-self.
- Innate responses.
- Adaptive immunity.
- Inflammatory response.
Integumentary System
- The largest organ system of an animal.
- Comprises skin, hair (feathers, scales), nails, skin glands and their products (sweat and mucus).
- Distinguishes, separates, protects, and informs organisms of its surroundings (e.g., temperature/touch receptors).
- Part of the innate immune system.
- Sweat is ~pH 4 and prevents bacterial colonization.
- Color is determined by the level of melanin.
Reproductive System
- How egg and sperm give rise to offspring.
- Interface of Physiology and Genetics.
Major Organs and Their Functions
- Muscular: Skeletal Muscles - Movement of skeleton.
- Nervous: Brain, CNS, PNS - Regulation of other body systems.
- Circulatory: Heart - Movement of Blood.
- Respiratory: Lungs - Gas Exchange.
- Urinary: Kidney - Blood volume.
- Immune: Bone marrow - Defense.
- Integumentary: Skin - Thermoregulation.
- Skeletal: Bones - Movement.
- Endocrine: Hormone glands - Hormone Regulation.
- Digestive: Stomach/Intestine - Breakdown of food.
- Reproductive: Gonads - Eggs/Sperm.
Tissue Types
- Four different types of tissue: Muscle, Nervous, Connective, and Epithelial.
- Muscle tissue: Contractile, responsible for movement, found attached to bones (skeletal), walls of internal organs (smooth), and the heart (cardiac).
- Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve impulses for coordination, regulation, and sensory perception, found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Two cell types: neurons and neuroglia.
- Connective tissue: Binds, Supports, protects, fills spaces, stores fat, makes blood cells, found throughout the body.
- Epithelial tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands.
Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal muscle: Striated, attached to bones and tendons, contraction is responsible for movement, fibers are arranged in bundles, fibers within a whole muscle are recruited by nerves to contract for graded movements.
- Cardiac muscle: Striated, found only in the heart, cells are interconnected, intercalated discs couple cells electrically and mechanically, all fibers in the whole heart contract simultaneously.
- Smooth muscle: Not striated, found in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles.
Nerve Tissue
- Neurons: Transmit electrical impulses. Composed of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Information flows unidirectionally from dendrites to axon.
- Neuroglia: Provide structural and functional support to neurons. Do not conduct electrical signals.
Connective Tissue
- Contains many cell types and matrix (extracellular proteins and fluid).
- Examples: Adipose tissue (fat), bone.
- Adipocytes: Cells wrapped around fat globules.
Bone
- Osteoblasts secrete calcite and become trapped by it, forming osteocytes.
- Osteocytes remain alive by receiving nutrients from blood vessels passing through the central bone canal and branching through canaliculi (small canals).
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Description
Explore the key components and functions of the skeletal system in this quiz. Learn about the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in bone health and maintenance. Discover how growth hormone influences bone growth and the impacts of aging on bone strength.
