Chapter 7 Skeletal System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the structures of the skeletal system?

Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood cell formation

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Formation of red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets

How is the blood calcium level maintained?

Excess calcium is stored in the bone matrix; decreased calcium levels trigger calcium release from bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Spongy bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteon?

Microscopic unit of compact bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteoblast?

Bone-forming cell Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteoclast?

Cell that destroys or resorbs bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteocyte?

Mature bone cell Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the skull?

28 Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

26 Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 small bones located in the middle ear?

Malleus, Incus, & Stapes Signup and view all the answers

What bones make up the cranium?

Frontal bone, parietal bones, occipital, temporal, sphenoid & ethmoid bones Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the intervertebral disks?

Discs act as shock absorbers and allow the column to bend. Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are in the Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar divisions?

Cervical - 7 (C1-C7), Thoracic - 12 (T1-T12), Lumbar - 5 (L1-L5) Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

Protects the heart, lungs, & great vessels, supports bones of the shoulder girdle & plays a role in breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the central indentation in the superior margin of the sternum?

Jugular notch Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between false ribs and true ribs?

False ribs are the lower 5; their cartilage does not reach the sternum directly. True ribs attach to the sternum directly. Signup and view all the answers

What are floating ribs?

The 2 bottom rib pairs have no anterior attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

For movement of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What 2 bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Anterior clavicle & posterior scapula Signup and view all the answers

The clavicle is also known as the...

Collarbone Signup and view all the answers

What bone is located in the upper arm?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones located in the forearm?

Radius on the lateral side & Ulna on the medial side Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of these hand bones: Carpal, Metacarpal, Phalanges?

Carpal - wrist, Metacarpal - palm of hand, Phalanges - fingers Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?

Provides strong support for the weight of the body; support & protection for urinary bladder, large intestine & reproductive organs. Signup and view all the answers

What bone is located in the thigh?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

What is the kneecap called?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

What bones make up the foot?

Tarsal - ankle, Calcaneus - heel, Metatarsal - in line with each toe, Phalanges - toes Signup and view all the answers

What is Amphiarthrosis?

A slightly movable joint - ribs, symphysis pubis, joints between vertebrae, intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

What is Diarthrosis?

Freely movable joint characterized by a joint cavity; also called a synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is Synarthrosis?

An immovable joint - Sutures in the skull Signup and view all the answers

What is Diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone Signup and view all the answers

Where is yellow bone marrow stored in adults?

Medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

What bones make up the jaw bone?

Upper jaw is the Maxilla; lower is the Mandible Signup and view all the answers

Where are Zygomatic Bones located?

Form the prominences of the cheeks, also called malar bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Hyoid bone and where is it located?

It is a U-shaped bone in the neck; functions as a base for the tongue & as an attachment for several muscles associated with swallowing. Signup and view all the answers

What is arthritis?

Inflammation of a joint Signup and view all the answers

What is gout?

A form of acute arthritis caused by uric acid crystals developing within a joint and irritating the cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

What does arthr/o refer to?

Joint Signup and view all the answers

What does -osis refer to?

Condition of Signup and view all the answers

What does dia- refer to?

Through Signup and view all the answers

What does epi- refer to?

Above, upon, on Signup and view all the answers

What does oste/o refer to?

Bone Signup and view all the answers

What does -blast refer to?

Immature cell Signup and view all the answers

What does -clast refer to?

To break Signup and view all the answers

What does -cyte refer to?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Structures of the Skeletal System

Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Provides structural support for the body.
Protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs.
Facilitates movement by acting as levers.
Acts as a storage reserve for minerals like calcium.
Responsible for blood cell formation in red bone marrow.

Bone Marrow

Red bone marrow is essential for forming red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Calcium Management

Blood calcium levels are maintained by storing excess calcium in the bone matrix or releasing it when levels decrease.

Bone Composition

Spongy bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone.
An osteon is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone.

Bone Cell Types

Osteoblasts: Cells responsible for bone formation.
Osteoclasts: Cells that break down or resorb bone tissue.
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that help maintain bone tissue.

Cartilage

The epiphyseal plate contains hyaline cartilage, important for bone growth.

Human Skeleton Structure

Adults have a total of 206 bones.
The human skull consists of 28 bones.
The vertebral column is made up of 26 vertebrae.

Ear Bones

The middle ear contains three small bones: malleus, incus, and stapes.

Cranial Bones

Composed of the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

Intervertebral Disks

Act as shock absorbers and allow flexibility, increasing the strength and resilience of the spine.

Vertebrae Distribution

Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

Thoracic Cage Functions

Provides protection for the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
Supports the shoulder girdle and assists in breathing.

Rib Structure

There are 12 pairs of ribs in total.
True ribs directly attach to the sternum, while false ribs do not.
Floating ribs have no anterior attachment.

Appendicular Skeleton

Aids in body movement and consists of the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.

Pectoral Girdle

Composed of the anterior clavicle (collarbone) and posterior scapula.

Arm and Hand Bones

The upper arm contains the humerus.
Forearm bones include the radius (lateral) and ulna (medial).
Hand bones: carpals are wrist bones, metacarpals form the palm, and phalanges are the finger bones.

Pelvic Girdle Functions

Supports body weight and protects the bladder, large intestine, and reproductive organs.

Leg and Foot Bones

The thigh bone is the femur, while the kneecap is called the patella.
The foot consists of tarsal (ankle), calcaneus (heel), metatarsal (midfoot), and phalanges (toes).

Joint Types

Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints (e.g., ribs).
Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints, also known as synovial joints.
Synarthrosis: Immovable joints, such as cranial sutures.

Bone Structure

Diaphysis refers to the shaft of a long bone, while yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity.

Jaw Bone Structure

The maxilla forms the upper jaw, while the mandible forms the lower jaw.

Zygomatic Bones

These bones form the cheek prominences, also known as malar bones.

Hyoid Bone

A U-shaped bone in the neck that serves as a base for the tongue and supports muscles for swallowing.

Joint Conditions

Arthritis: Inflammation of a joint.
Gout: Acute arthritis caused by uric acid crystals in a joint, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Common Root Words

arthr/o: Joint
-osis: Condition
dia-: Through
epi-: Above or upon
oste/o: Bone
-blast: Immature cell
-clast: To break
-cyte: Cell

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Description

Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with these flashcards covering its structures, functions, and key components. Perfect for students learning about anatomy and physiology. Review the essential roles bones play in the human body.