Skeletal Anatomy and Bone Classification
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Skeletal Anatomy and Bone Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a main division of the skeletal system?

  • Pectoral girdle
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Axial skeleton
  • Longitudinal skeleton (correct)

    • Which type of bone is categorized as having a longer length than width?

  • Long bones (correct)
  • Irregular bones
  • Flat bones
  • Short bones

    • What is the function of interstitial lamellae?

  • To protect the bone surface
  • To connect the Haversian systems (correct)
  • To form new bone tissue
  • To facilitate nutrient exchange

    • What comprises the axial skeleton?

    <p>Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of flat bones?

    <p>They protect internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone primarily makes up the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is characterized as being longer than they are wide?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is classified as more or less equal in all dimensions?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?

    <p>Vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skeletal terminology describes a rounded projection?

    <p>Tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fontanels in infants are important because they allow for what?

    <p>Adjustment of skull shape during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the pelvis of males from females?

    <p>Shape of the pelvic inlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is found within a tendon?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sinuses is correct?

    <p>Sinuses are air-filled spaces in some skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is labeled as dark green according to the coloring instructions?

    <p>Phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the talus supposed to be colored in the activity?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anatomically refers to the head of the humerus?

    <p>Capitulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color corresponds to the cuneiform bones in the coloring instructions?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the labeling activity for the thigh and leg, which bone is specifically mentioned as blue?

    <p>Calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ulna is referred to as the 'olecranon process'?

    <p>Coronoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is classified as part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is used to represent appendicular bones when labeling them?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is part of the cranial region of the skull?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae are typically found in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of rib?

    <p>Costal ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the scapula?

    <p>Links the arm to the torso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is located at the inferior part of the sternum?

    <p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is found in the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the joint that connects the mandible to the skull?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of the sternum is located in the middle section?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are primarily included in the axial skeleton?

    <p>Skull, vertebral column, and ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the periosteum?

    <p>To facilitate bone growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bone is primarily characterized by being cube-shaped?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lamellae is located within the Haversian systems?

    <p>Haversian lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skeletal term describes the framework that supports the body's longitudinal axis?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones does the adult human skeleton typically comprise?

    <p>206 bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is indicated as red in the coloring instructions for the thigh and leg?

    <p>Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color should the metatarsals be according to the labeling instructions?

    <p>Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carpal bones is indicated to be colored purple?

    <p>Trapezium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color assigned to the phalanges in the labeling activity?

    <p>Dark green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carpal bone is specifically labeled to be colored light green?

    <p>Capitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is mentioned as having an indicated color of black?

    <p>Cuneiforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of sesamoid bones?

    <p>They are located within a tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes flat bones?

    <p>They appear compressed in one dimension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes irregular bones from other bone types?

    <p>Their shapes do not fit established classifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the subpubic angle of the pelvis in females generally characterized?

    <p>≥ 90 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about fontanels is true?

    <p>They allow for the growth of the skull in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe an opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels pass?

    <p>Foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ribs in the skeletal system?

    <p>To protect the heart and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to the pelvis of males compared to females?

    <p>Narrower pelvic inlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary color used to represent the ribs in the labeling activity?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is classified as part of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial bone is located at the back of the skull?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific part of the sternum that is the inferior tip?

    <p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribs are classified as false ribs?

    <p>8th to 10th ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bones is considered part of the facial skeleton?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color should appendicular bones be colored in the activity?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column contains the most vertebrae?

    <p>Thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes true ribs from other types of ribs?

    <p>Direct attachment to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is prominently recognized for its role in the shoulder girdle?

    <p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cross Section of Human Bone

    • The Haversian System (osteon) is the functional unit of compact bone.
    • Bone matrix (lamella) is arranged in four types:
      • Endosteal: Found on the endosteum
      • Haversian: Found within Haversian Systems
      • Interstitial: Found between Haversian systems
      • Periosteal: Found on the periosteum

    Overview of Skeletal Anatomy

    • There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton.
    • Two main divisions:
      • Axial: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
      • Appendicular: Pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper and lower extremities

    Classification of Bone Shape

    • Long bones: Longer than they are wide
      • Example: Bones of the upper arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg
    • Short bones: More or less equal in all dimensions.
      • Example: Carpal and Tarsal Bones
    • Flat bones: Thin, flattened shape, usually curved
      • Example: Ribs, Scapulae, Cranium, Sternum
    • Irregular bones: Shapes do not fit into other categories
      • Example: Vertebrae, pelvic girdle, facial bones -Sesamoid bones: Located within a tendon
      • Example: Patella

    Skeletal Terminology

    • Tubercle: Rounded projection
    • Process: Sharp projection
    • Foramen: Opening through which a nerve or blood vessel passes
    • Sinuses: Found in some skull bones and contain air spaces

    Axial Skeleton: Fontanels

    • Larger membrane-covered spaces found between developing skull bones
    • These fontanels usually close by two years of age.

    Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis

    • Male pelvis: More massive to accommodate weight and size
    • Female pelvis: Broader with a larger pelvic inlet and outlet for childbirth
      • Pelvic Inlet: Heart-shaped in males, oval in females
      • Pelvic Outlet: Broader in females
      • Subpubic Angle: Less than 90 degrees in males, equal to or greater than 90 degrees in females

    Skeletal System Overview

    • The adult human skeleton is composed of 206 bones, with 2 main divisions: Axial and Appendicular
    • Axial Skeleton includes:
      • Skull (cranial and facial bones)
      • Vertebral Column
      • Ribs
      • Sternum
    • Appendicular Skeleton includes:
      • Girdles (Pectoral and Pelvic)
      • Appendages (upper and lower extremities)

    Bone Structure and Classification

    • Cross-Section of Human Bone:
      • Contains the Haversian system (osteon), a structural unit of compact bone, responsible for nutrient and waste transport.
      • Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity of bone
      • Periosteum: Dense, fibrous membrane covering the external surface of bone, providing nourishment and facilitating bone repair.
      • Bone Matrix (Lamella): Consists of collagen fibers and mineral salts, mainly calcium phosphate
        • Types of Lamella: Endosteal, Haversian, Interstitial, and Periosteal
    • Classification of Bone Shape:
      • Long Bones: Longer than they are wide, e.g., bones of the limbs (upper arm, thigh, leg)
      • Short Bones: Similar dimensions in length and width, e.g., carpal bones, tarsal bones.
      • Flat Bones: Thin, flattened shape, often curved, e.g., ribs, skull bones, scapula, sternum
      • Irregular Bones: Complex shape, e.g., vertebrae, facial bones.
      • Sesamoid Bones: Found within tendons, e.g., patella.

    Bone Markings

    • Tubercle: Rounded projection
    • Process: Sharp projection
    • Foramen: Opening allowing passage for nerves or blood vessels
    • Sinuses: Air-filled spaces within some skull bones.

    Axial Skeleton: Fontanels

    • Fontanels (Soft Spots): Membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones, providing flexibility during childbirth.
      • These spaces gradually close due to ossification and fuse together.
      • All fontanels usually close by 2 years of age.

    Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvis

    • Differences in male and female pelvis:
      • Male: More massive, broader, larger pelvic inlet and outlet
      • Female: Designed for childbirth, with a wider, oval pelvic inlet and outlet, and a subpubic angle greater than 90 degrees.

    Formative Assessment (Answer Key)

    • Question 1: The view is anterior. This applies to multiple diagrams but the question needs more context to accurately link to a specific image.
    • Question 2: No context or content provided to answer this question.

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    UST General Santos Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 7 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the cross section of human bones, focusing on the Haversian system and types of bone matrix. It also explores the overall skeletal anatomy, including the divisions of the skeleton and various shapes of bones. Test your knowledge of this essential aspect of human anatomy.

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