Human Anatomy: Skeletal System Quiz

Skeletal System

• The axial skeleton includes the skull, while the appendicular skeleton includes the humerus.
• Patella is classified as a sesamoid bone, which is embedded within a tendon.
• Flat bones are exemplified by the parietal bone of the skull.
• Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, specifically hemopoiesis.
• Red bone marrow is found primarily in the epiphyses of long bones in adults, while yellow bone marrow serves primarily for fat storage.
• Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue.
• Hyaline cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones, providing a smooth surface for joint movement.
• The periosteum is a dense connective tissue layer covering the external surface of bones.
• The endosteum lines the inner surfaces of bone, including the medullary cavity.

Bone Formation and Growth

• Ossification is the process of bone formation, which can involve the conversion of cartilage into bone.
• Appositional growth increases the thickness of bones, in contrast to endochondral ossification that lengthens bones by replacing hyaline cartilage.
• The epiphyseal plate is crucial for bone length growth.
• The central canal of an osteon houses blood vessels and nerves, integral for bone health and function.

Fractures and Hormonal Regulation

• A greenstick fracture occurs when one side of the bone breaks while the other bends, typical in children.
• The initial step in fracture repair is the formation of a hematoma.
• Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, while calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts when calcium levels are high.

Hematopoiesis and Marrow

• Hematopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow, while lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow.
• Osteoclasts resorb bone to release calcium into the bloodstream when calcium levels drop.

Cell Biology

• The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, essential for cellular processes.
• Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins, while rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface, distinguishing it from smooth ER, which produces lipids.
• The Golgi apparatus functions in packaging and distributing proteins and lipids within the cell.

Organelles and Processes

• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP for energy.
• Lysosomes digest waste and damaged organelles, playing a critical role in cellular maintenance.
• Autolysis refers to cell death initiated by the cell itself, often as a response to damage.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities, playing a fundamental role in protection and absorption.
• Transitional epithelium is primarily found in the urinary bladder, adapting to stretching.
• Simple squamous epithelium is located in air sacs of the lungs, facilitating gas exchange.

Connective Tissue

• Fibroblasts produce collagen and other fibers, essential for connective tissue structure.
• Dense connective tissue contains a high concentration of collagen fibers, providing strength and support.
• Mast cells in connective tissue are part of the immune response, releasing histamine during allergic reactions.

Cartilage and Muscle Tissue

• Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs, providing cushioning and support.
• Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle type, while cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary.

Nervous Tissue and Skin

• Nervous tissue generates and conducts electrical impulses, integral for communication within the body.
• The skin's primary function is protection from pathogens, serving as a barrier against infection.
• Exocrine glands secrete products onto epithelial surfaces through ducts, facilitating local effects.

Skin Layers

• The dermis layer of the skin contains the most blood vessels, supporting skin health and enabling thermoregulation.

Skeletal System

• The axial skeleton includes the skull, while the appendicular skeleton includes the humerus.
• Patella is classified as a sesamoid bone, which is embedded within a tendon.
• Flat bones are exemplified by the parietal bone of the skull.
• Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, specifically hemopoiesis.
• Red bone marrow is found primarily in the epiphyses of long bones in adults, while yellow bone marrow serves primarily for fat storage.
• Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue.
• Hyaline cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones, providing a smooth surface for joint movement.
• The periosteum is a dense connective tissue layer covering the external surface of bones.
• The endosteum lines the inner surfaces of bone, including the medullary cavity.

Bone Formation and Growth

• Ossification is the process of bone formation, which can involve the conversion of cartilage into bone.
• Appositional growth increases the thickness of bones, in contrast to endochondral ossification that lengthens bones by replacing hyaline cartilage.
• The epiphyseal plate is crucial for bone length growth.
• The central canal of an osteon houses blood vessels and nerves, integral for bone health and function.

Fractures and Hormonal Regulation

• A greenstick fracture occurs when one side of the bone breaks while the other bends, typical in children.
• The initial step in fracture repair is the formation of a hematoma.
• Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, while calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts when calcium levels are high.

Hematopoiesis and Marrow

• Hematopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow, while lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow.
• Osteoclasts resorb bone to release calcium into the bloodstream when calcium levels drop.

Cell Biology

• The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, essential for cellular processes.
• Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins, while rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface, distinguishing it from smooth ER, which produces lipids.
• The Golgi apparatus functions in packaging and distributing proteins and lipids within the cell.

Organelles and Processes

• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP for energy.
• Lysosomes digest waste and damaged organelles, playing a critical role in cellular maintenance.
• Autolysis refers to cell death initiated by the cell itself, often as a response to damage.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities, playing a fundamental role in protection and absorption.
• Transitional epithelium is primarily found in the urinary bladder, adapting to stretching.
• Simple squamous epithelium is located in air sacs of the lungs, facilitating gas exchange.

Connective Tissue

• Fibroblasts produce collagen and other fibers, essential for connective tissue structure.
• Dense connective tissue contains a high concentration of collagen fibers, providing strength and support.
• Mast cells in connective tissue are part of the immune response, releasing histamine during allergic reactions.

Cartilage and Muscle Tissue

• Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs, providing cushioning and support.
• Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle type, while cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary.

Nervous Tissue and Skin

• Nervous tissue generates and conducts electrical impulses, integral for communication within the body.
• The skin's primary function is protection from pathogens, serving as a barrier against infection.
• Exocrine glands secrete products onto epithelial surfaces through ducts, facilitating local effects.

Skin Layers

• The dermis layer of the skin contains the most blood vessels, supporting skin health and enabling thermoregulation.

Glands and Secretion

• Merocrine sweat glands secrete sweat for body cooling.
• Apocrine sweat glands produce viscous sweat during stress or sexual arousal.
• Sebaceous glands secrete oily substance (sebum) to lubricate the skin and hair.
• Ceruminous glands secrete a waxy substance for ear protection.

Wound Healing

• The first step in wound healing is blood clot formation.
• Leukocytes help clean the wound during granulation tissue formation.

Skin and Cancer

• UVB radiation is most responsible for causing damage to skin DNA.
• Basal cell carcinoma originates in the stratum basale layer of the skin.
• Melanoma is the most dangerous skin cancer due to its tendency to spread.
• The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loose areolar connective tissue.

Skin Structures and Functions

• Dermal papillae increase surface area for nutrient exchange.
• The epidermis is responsible for producing Vitamin D.
• Lanugo is the unpigmented hair found on fetuses.

Epithelial Tissue

• The epidermis consists of stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelium.
• Carotene contributes to a yellow-orange hue in the skin, derived from diet.

Muscle Tissue

• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs.
• Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and the number of layers.

Connective Tissue

• Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue) has large amounts of ground substance and fewer fibers.
• Adipose tissue stores energy as fat and cushions organs.
• Reticular connective tissue forms the framework of organs like the spleen and lymph nodes.

Cell Junctions

• Desmosomes provide mechanical stability by anchoring cells together.
• Gap junctions facilitate communication between cells, notably in cardiac muscle tissue.
• Tight junctions prevent leakage between epithelial cells.

Cell Structure and Functions

• The nucleus stores and protects genetic material (DNA).
• Protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the mitochondria produce ATP mainly through cellular respiration.

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
• The final step in mitosis is cytokinesis, leading to the division of the cytoplasm.
• Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell during metaphase.

Metabolic Processes

• The citric acid cycle produces energy carriers like NADH and FADH2.
• Glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

Transport Mechanisms

• Active transport requires ATP to move substances across the cell membrane.
• Osmosis is the transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Endocytosis involves the engulfing of substances into the cell, while receptor-mediated endocytosis involves specific uptake through receptors.

Cellular Components

• The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for secretion.
• Fibroblasts in connective tissue produce collagen and other fibers.
• Melanin, produced by melanocytes, provides protection against UV damage.
• The stratum corneum contains the most layers of dead keratinized cells.