Bone Classification and Skeletal Functions

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Questions and Answers

What classification do most of the bones in the body fall into?

  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Short bones
  • Long bones (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

  • Movement
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Production of enzymes (correct)

What are the ends of a long bone called?

epiphysis

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

<p>diaphysis</p>
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What types of cells can osteogenic progenitor cells become?

<p>Osteoclasts or osteoblasts</p>
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Flat bones are all curved.

<p>True (A)</p>
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The type of cartilage found at the end of a long bone is called ____ cartilage.

<p>hyaline</p>
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Which of the following is a characteristic of endochondral ossification?

<p>Most bones of the skeleton begin as hyaline cartilage (C)</p>
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What are the two types of bone development mentioned?

<p>Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification</p>
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Flashcards

Long Bones

Elongated shape bone; examples include the femur and phalanges.

Short Bones

Blocky shaped bone; example includes the talus in the ankle.

Flat Bones

Formed within connective tissue layers. Examples include skull bones.

Irregular Bones

Bones with numerous projections for muscle attachment; example includes vertebrae.

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Intramembranous Ossification

Bone development within connective tissue layers; produces flat bones like the skull. Forms broad, flat bones like most skull bones (except mandible).

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Hemopoiesis

Blood cell production; occurs in the bone marrow.

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Epiphysis

Ends of a long bone, categorized as distal and proximal.

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Compact Bone

Dense outer layer of bone that encases the marrow.

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Osteoblasts

Cells that form new bone; akin to fibroblasts in bone structure.

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Study Notes

Bone Classification

  • Long bones: Elongated shape; includes femur and phalanges.
  • Short bones: Blocky structure; example includes talus in the ankle.
  • Flat bones: Formed in intramembranous layer; includes skull bones, similar to a sheet cake.
  • Irregular bones: Numerous projections for muscle attachment; example includes vertebrae.
  • Sesamoid (round) bones: Form within a tendon; patella (kneecap) is a key example.

Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Support: Provides attachment points for muscles.
  • Movement: Works in tandem with the muscular system for mobility.
  • Protection: Shields vital organs; brain and spinal column receive the highest level of protection, followed by the heart and lungs.
  • Hemopoiesis: Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow.
  • Storage: Stores inorganic salts like calcium carbonate and phosphate, vital for bone strength and bodily functions.

Parts of a Long Bone

  • Epiphysis: Ends of the bone, categorized as distal and proximal.
  • Diaphysis: Central shaft of the bone.
  • Compact bone: Dense structure, encasing the marrow.
  • Spongy bone: Found in the epiphysis; porous and lighter.
  • Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering the joints, facilitating movement.
  • Periosteum: Connective tissue covering the exterior; allows for diameter growth.
  • Endosteum: Lining of the inner bone.
  • Medullary cavity: Hollow inside of long bones.
  • Trabeculae: Solid portions of spongy bone.
  • Bone marrow:
    • Red marrow: Contains nutrient-rich blood.
    • Yellow marrow: Fatty tissue.

Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone

  • Osteon: Functional unit aligned parallel to the diaphysis, resembling tree rings.
  • Central canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves.
  • Perforating canal: Connects osteons via vascular channels.
  • Osteocyte: Mature bone cell residing in lacunae.
  • Lacuna: Cavities where osteocytes are located.
  • Lamellae: Layers of solid matrix forming the bone.
  • Bone matrix: Provides rigidity and structure to bones.
  • Canaliculus: Tiny channels linking lacunae and facilitating nutrient exchange.

Cell Types

  • Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.
  • Osteogenic cells: Progenitors destined to become bone cells, specifically osteoblasts or osteoclasts.
  • Osteoclasts: Specialized cells that break down bone tissue.
  • Osteoblasts: Cells that form new bone; akin to fibroblasts in bone structure.
  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix from their lacunae.

Bone Development

  • Intramembranous ossification: Occurs within connective tissue layers; forms broad, flat bones like most skull bones (except mandible).
  • Endochondral ossification: Begins with a hyaline cartilage model; responsible for the majority of bones in the skeletal system, transforming into mature bone.

Endochondral Ossification

  • Key process for the development of most bones, starting from a model of hyaline cartilage.

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