Human Anatomy for Nursing Students

Human Anatomy for Nursing Students

• The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilage.
• It supports the body, facilitates movement, protects internal organs and produces blood cells (hematopoiesis) through red bone marrow.
• The skeletal system also stores and releases minerals and fat (yellow bone marrow).
• Bone is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton.
• Cartilage provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.

Bone Classification

• The adult skeleton has 206 bones, categorized based on shape.
• Long bones: Cylinder-like, longer than wide (e.g., femur, tibia).
• Short bones: Cube-like, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
• Flat bones: Thin and curved (e.g., sternum, ribs).
• Irregular bones: Complex shape (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones).
• Sesamoid bones: Small and round, embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).

Bone Structure

• Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone.
• Epiphysis: Ends of a long bone.
• Compact bone: Dense, hard outer layer.
• Spongy bone: Porous inner layer.
• Periosteum: Tough, fibrous membrane covering the bone surface.
• Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.
• Medullary cavity: Space within the diaphysis, containing yellow bone marrow (in adults).

Bone Cells and Tissues

• Osteogenic cells: Stem cells, develop into osteoblasts.
• Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells.
• Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
• Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells.
• Osteon: Basic unit of compact bone.
• Trabeculae: Basic unit of spongy bone.

Bone Formation and Development

• Ossification (osteogenesis): The process of bone development.
  • Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops directly from mesenchyme tissue.
  • Endochondral ossification: Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage models.
• Bone growth: Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate, and grow thicker through modeling.

Fractures: Bone Repair

• Fracture: A broken bone.
• Types of fractures: transverse, spiral, oblique, comminuted, impacted, greenstick.
• Bone Repair: The process of healing a fracture.
• The steps of healing involve hematoma formation, new blood vessel growth, internal & external callus formation, bony callus formation by spongy bone, and remodeling.

This quiz covers the skeletal system, including its functions, bone classification, and structure. Students will explore various types of bones and their characteristics within the adult human skeleton. Ideal for nursing students aiming to deepen their understanding of human anatomy.