54 Questions
Which mechanism can bacterial pathogens use to resist the immune system by producing substances that inhibit oxygen-dependent mechanisms?
Siderophore secretion
Which process involves bacterial pathogens mimicking the body's own tissue, causing the immune system to fight against itself?
Molecular mimicry
Which type of pathogen can resist the immune system by producing toxins that kill phagocytes?
Bacterial pathogens
In sepsis, which of the following is a major contributor to the systemic inflammatory response caused by endotoxins?
Induction of pro-inflammatory mediators
Which characteristic distinguishes endotoxins from exotoxins in bacterial pathogens?
Heat stability
What is a common consequence of siderophore secretion by bacterial pathogens?
Promotion of iron availability for pathogen growth
What is the main consequence of endotoxins released into the blood?
Activation of complement and clotting systems
Which system is affected by endotoxins, causing increased capillary permeability?
Cardiovascular system
What is a potential outcome if endotoxins are left untreated?
Cardiovascular shock
Which syndrome is characterized by specific vital sign criteria like high temperature, increased heart rate, and abnormal white blood cell count?
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
What defines Severe Sepsis in relation to organ function?
Secondary organ dysfunction due to sepsis
In the context of sepsis, what characterizes Septic Shock?
Hypotension resistant to fluid administration
Which type of toxin is associated with the production of botulinum neurotoxin by Clostridium botulinum?
Exotoxins
What is the function of endotoxins in bacterial infections?
Activate the inflammatory response
Which mechanism involves siderophore secretion by bacteria?
Penetrating and evading host-cell defenses
What occurs when bacteria are present in the blood and produce endotoxin, initiating an inflammatory response?
Sepsis
What results from the failure of the body's defense mechanisms, often caused by gram-negative bacteria?
Septicemia
What type of immunity involves physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers as the first line of defense?
Innate immunity
Which cells are part of the second line of defense and are involved in the immediate response to injury or infection?
Natural killer cells
What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune response?
Secreting histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Which of the following is a mechanism of fever generation during infection?
Release of prostaglandins in response to pyrogens
What is a benefit of fever in fighting infections?
Enhanced activity of immune cells
What characterizes fever of unknown origin (FUO)?
Fever higher than 38.3°C (101°F) that remains undiagnosed after 3 days of hospital investigation
What can cause fever without an increase in the hypothalamic set point?
Overproduction of cytokines
What is the main consequence of hyperthermia at 41°C?
Nerve damage
What is therapeutic hyperthermia used for?
To destroy pathologic microorganisms or tumor cells
What can be a result of accidental hyperthermia?
Malignant hyperthermia
What is the primary benefit of fever in response to an infection?
Promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of cells
Which of the following is a key characteristic of pyrogenic cytokines in the context of fever pathogenesis?
They act on the hypothalamus to induce fever
How does fever contribute to the immune response during an infection?
Optimizes the protective processes of the immune response at high temperatures
What role does leukocytosis play in the pathogenesis of fever during an infection?
Increases the number of white blood cells to combat infections
Which statement best describes the relationship between lymphocyte activation and fever production?
Fever and lymphocyte activation occur simultaneously, providing evidence for the protective role of fever
What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response as the first immune response to injury?
To prevent and limit infection and further damage
Which cellular components are involved in the third line of defense in the immune system?
T-Cells, B-Cells, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells
Which of the following is a systemic symptom of inflammation or infection?
Fever
What is one of the primary goals of fever during an infection?
To limit and control the inflammatory process
How do antibodies contribute to the immune response during the third line of defense?
By providing memory for future responses
What controls heat production and conservation, along with the endocrine system and sympathetic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Which population has a high body surface-to-weight ratio, leading to challenges in conserving body heat?
Infants
Which group is characterized by slowed blood circulation, decreased metabolic rate, and decreased effectiveness of shivering?
Aging adults
Which process involves the production of heat in organisms through chemical means?
Chemical thermogenesis
What is a common challenge faced by infants in maintaining body temperature due to their physiological characteristics?
Inability to shiver
What is the primary function of the Complement system in plasma protein systems?
Producing biologically active fragments
In the context of trauma-induced temperature changes, what contributes to hypothermia in hemorrhagic shock?
Peripheral vasoconstriction and hypoxia
What is the significance of keeping temperatures between 36.7 - 37.0 degrees Celsius after a stroke or head injury?
Limiting brain injury
In the context of plasma protein systems, what is the main consequence of converting proenzymes to active enzymes in the cascade?
Generation of opsonins
How does the Kinin system in plasma protein systems contribute to immune defense?
Enhancing vascular permeability to facilitate immune cell access
What is the main consequence of impaired oxygen use in the context of shock?
Impaired cellular metabolism
Which characteristic distinguishes mast cells from phagocytes in the immune response?
Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
In the context of fever, what is the primary benefit of an increased hypothalamic set point?
Enhanced immune response
What role do stress hormones like cortisol play in the immune system's response to severe illness or injury?
Suppress inflammation
Which mechanism can bacterial pathogens use to resist the immune system by inhibiting phagocytosis?
Producing substances that inhibit oxygen-dependent mechanisms
What is one of the effects of endotoxins on capillary permeability?
Increased permeability
In the context of fever, what distinguishes fever from normal body temperature regulation?
Changes in the hypothalamic set point
This quiz covers the process of endotoxins released into the blood activating complement and clotting systems, leading to capillary permeability, hypotension, sepsis, DIC, and potential death. It also includes steps to sepsis, uncontrolled immune response, endothelium damage, and disruption in homeostasis.
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