Test #1 - MCQ Medium

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main approaches to measure physical activity or exercise?

Direct measurement, Observation, Exercise logs

Heart rate monitor, Surveys, Fitness classes

Self-report, Pedometer, Observation

Subjective measures, Objective measures, Observation (correct)

Which of the following is considered an objective measure of physical activity?

Pedometer (correct)

Attendance records

Physical activity recall questionnaires

Log of weight training

What is the 'gold standard' for measuring physical activity mentioned in the content?

VO2 measurements

Accelerometer (correct)

Fitness apps

Heart rate monitor

Which of the following theories focuses on predicting behavior based on perceived control over outcomes?

Theory of Planned Behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of Self-Efficacy Theory's basic assumptions?

Environmental influence Signup and view all the answers

What type of measure involves directly viewing a fitness class or observing children's play?

Direct observation Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of subjective measures of physical activity?

Personal recall and surveys Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely reason for regional differences in physical activity trends?

Cultural attitudes towards exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Social Cognitive Theories in relation to exercise?

How an individual thinks and feels about exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors are considered correlates of physical activity?

Owning exercise equipment Signup and view all the answers

What element is NOT part of the Social Ecological Model of Physical Activity?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Social Ecological Model, what is the difference between correlates and determinants of physical activity?

Determinants directly affect physical activity; correlates do not Signup and view all the answers

Which level of factors includes interactions and relationships between groups and individuals?

Interpersonal-level factors Signup and view all the answers

What role does the policy level play in the Social Ecological Model of Physical Activity?

It includes rules and regulations that impact physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the Physical Environment in the Social Ecological Model?

Features of the built and natural environment Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Ecological Model suggest about individual responsibility for health behaviors?

Individuals bear some responsibility but are part of a larger system Signup and view all the answers

What does Task Self-Efficacy (Task SE) refer to?

Confidence to complete a specific task Signup and view all the answers

What is the central role in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Intentions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self-efficacy deals with confidence in overcoming barriers?

Barrier Self-Efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What was the measured outcome of the exercise intervention for people with type 2 diabetes?

Self-Efficacy for Walking (SEW) increased Signup and view all the answers

Which group of participants were surveyed in the study related to physical activity intentions?

Mothers of young children Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following did NOT increase after the exercise intervention?

Barrier Self-Efficacy (BARSE) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as crucial for intention in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Strength of motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is used for measuring self-efficacy in relation to walking?

SEW Signup and view all the answers

What does monitoring energy and mood after exercises help with?

Improving exercise habits Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant correlation found in the study regarding physical activity?

High SEW and high physical activity levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the identified intention-activity profiles?

Active participants, reluctant Signup and view all the answers

What type of intervention involved both walking and workshops to boost self-efficacy?

Exercise intervention Signup and view all the answers

What does accurately monitoring heart rate, muscle fatigue, and breathing during exercise enable?

Enhancing exercise safety and effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What period of life is said to present numerous barriers to physical activity?

Parenthood Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of self-efficacy measures one's ability to handle unforeseen events?

Coping Self-Efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'intenders, inactive' in the context of the study?

Individuals who intend to exercise but do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of intention in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Attitudes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a component of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Intrapersonal Motivation Signup and view all the answers

How does Self-Determination Theory differ from the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

It emphasizes the importance of the type of motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Intention-to-Behaviour Gap' refer to in the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

The difference between actual behaviour and planning. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the Strengths and Limitations of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

It effectively explains intentions while struggling with actual behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of correlates in relation to physical activity behavior?

Correlates are factors that are reliably associated with physical activity but do not cause changes. Signup and view all the answers

In the Social Ecological Model, which level includes features of the built and natural environment?

Physical environment Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes determinants from correlates in the context of physical activity?

Determinants correlate with physical activity and directly affect it. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Social Ecological Model represents interactions between groups and individuals?

Interpersonal factors Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a determinant affecting physical activity?

Weather conditions impacting outdoor activities Signup and view all the answers

In the Social Ecological Model, which aspect is not associated with healthful behaviors?

Individual responsibility Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about individual responsibility in the context of the Social Ecological Model?

It plays a role but is just one part of a larger system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes policy in relation to physical activity in the Social Ecological Model?

It involves rules and regulations that impact physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a functional feature in the built environment?

Sidewalks and paths Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for safety features in the built environment?

Barriers and fences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of environment is primarily associated with improving mental well-being?

Natural environments Signup and view all the answers

In the context of physical activity motivation, what is intrinsic motivation?

Self-inspired motivation for personal enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence physical activity behavior according to the Social-Ecological Model?

Structural and interpersonal factors Signup and view all the answers

What happens to physical activity behavior when an incentive is removed?

Physical activity behavior declines Signup and view all the answers

What component of the physical environment is concerned with the availability of destinations for physical activity?

Destination features Signup and view all the answers

What is an impact of living near green or blue spaces on individuals?

Increased likelihood of engaging in physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of a theory?

It predicts future behaviors based on analysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between theories and models?

Theories explain why phenomena occur, whereas models depict them visually. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a construct in the context of a theory?

It represents subjective domains of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Why are theories considered essential in understanding physical activity?

They help formulate effective behavioral interventions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception about the ability to prove theories?

Theories can always be proven beyond doubt. Signup and view all the answers

How do theories aid in predicting exercise behavior?

They analyze a broad range of relevant factors. Signup and view all the answers

What role do constructs play in a theory?

They are labels for ideas not directly observable. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily targeted in interventions aimed at increasing strength training among college students?

Physical Capability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the behaviour change approach discussed?

To encourage college students to engage in strength training Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might someone have about correlation and causation in theories?

Correlation always implies causation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an example of a policy category that supports physical activity interventions in workplaces?

Introducing flexible working hours for exercise Signup and view all the answers

What are 'intervention functions' designed to do?

Change behaviour by modifying factors of capability, opportunity, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

When selecting policy categories for college strength training interventions, what is one critical consideration?

Influence over the feasibility of implementing categories Signup and view all the answers

What does the Behaviour Change Wheel aim to achieve in terms of intervention strategies?

To provide a systematic approach for understanding target behaviours and available options Signup and view all the answers

Which stakeholders might be involved in planning a physical activity intervention for a remote indigenous school?

Parents, cultural leaders, and educators Signup and view all the answers

Which approach best supports college students in adopting strength training according to the interventions discussed?

Offering more accessible facilities and programs Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes intrinsic motivation?

Motivation arising from personal satisfaction and enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of extrinsic motivation that involves personal goals?

Identified regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'competence' in the context of Basic Psychological Needs?

Mastery experiences and feeling skilled Signup and view all the answers

Which regulation type is characterized by behavior driven to avoid guilt?

Introjected regulation Signup and view all the answers

Amotivation is best defined as:

A complete lack of motivation to engage in any behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Self-Determination Theory does 'autonomy' emphasize?

Perception of self-determination and independence Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation is considered to be at the high end of the self-determination continuum?

Integrated regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of external regulation in motivation?

Motivated primarily by outside rewards or punishments Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of motivation is NOT part of the self-determination theory's framework?

Behavioral performance outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Self-Efficacy

Task SE: Confidence to complete a specific task.
Barrier SE: Confidence to overcome barriers preventing goal achievement.
Scheduling SE: Confidence to effectively schedule time for a goal.
Coping SE: Confidence to handle unforeseen events that may impede goal progress.

Measuring Self-Efficacy

Measured using questionnaires, evaluating the level of challenge and the strength of self-efficacy.
Challenge ranges from low (1 mile) to high (10 miles).

Education vs. Exercise Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes

Exercise intervention: 8-week walking program with 4 workshops.
Workshop goals: Increase self-efficacy in four areas.
Education intervention: Online diabetes and health education course.

Measuring Self-Efficacy in the Study

Barrier Self-Efficacy (BARSE): Confidence in facing barriers like weather and time.
Self-Efficacy for Walking (SEW): Confidence in walking at a fast pace for 5, 10, and 15 minutes.
Exercise Self-Efficacy (EXSE): Confidence in exercising for 40 minutes over 2, 3, and 4 months.

Results of the Study

SEW and EXSE increased after both interventions, but BARSE did not.
Physical activity increased and remained elevated after 6 months following the intervention.
Positive correlation between SEW and BARSE, and increased physical activity.
- Individuals with higher walking and barrier self-efficacy tended to have increased physical activity levels.

Limitations of Self-Efficacy

Influence of socioeconomic status on self-efficacy (high income vs. low income) is a consideration.

Global Physical Activity Trends

Regional differences in physical activity need to be considered.
Trends across age groups should also be explored.
Measurement methods for physical activity need to be investigated.

Measuring Physical Activity or Exercise

Physical activity varies in mode, frequency, duration, and intensity.
Three main approaches to measure physical activity:
- Subjective measures: Self-report/survey.
- Objective measures: Tracking devices, fitness apps, direct measurement (e.g. VO2, accelerometer).
- Observation: Direct (viewing a fitness class) and indirect (taking attendance to assess adherence).

A theory provides a framework to understand how people make decisions.
Models show how components of a theory relate to each other.
Theories are important for understanding and predicting behavior.

Individuals are active participants in their own learning and behavior change.
Behavior is shaped by interactions between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.

**Self-Efficacy Theory (SET): ** Belief in one's ability to perform a task.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): Intentions are central to predicting behavior.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT): The type or quality of motivation is crucial for behavioral engagement.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Intentions are key for predicting behavior.
Intention: a person's conscious plan to perform a behavior.
Factors determining Intention:
- Attitudes: Person's evaluation of a behavior.
- Subjective Norms: Social pressure to perform the behavior.
- Perceived Behavioral Control: Evaluation of facilitators and barriers to performing the behavior.
Strength of Motivation: Key to intention.

Strengths and Limitations of TPB

Strengths: Explains intentions to exercise well. Attitudes have stronger impact on intentions than subjective norms and perceived behavioral control.
Limitations: Poor at explaining actual behavior, as the intention-to-behavior gap can be significant (around 48%).

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Type or quality of motivation is as important as the strength of motivation for determining behavioral engagement.
Focus on intrinsic motivation: How self-determined an individual's behavior is.

Social cognitive theories focus on the individual.
Social ecological models take a broader perspective, recognizing the individual as just one piece of the puzzle.
Factors influencing individual behavior:
- Individual: Personal characteristics.
- Physical Activity Domains: Areas where physical activity occurs.
- Interpersonal factors: Relationships and interactions.
- Physical Environment: Features of the built and natural environment.
- Policy: Rules, regulations, and practices that can impact physical activity.

Correlates vs. Determinants of Physical Activity

Correlates: Factors associated with, but not causing changes in, physical activity (e.g., owning exercise equipment).
Determinants: Factors correlated with, and directly influencing, physical activity (e.g., weather and outdoor activity).

Theory

A systematically organized body of knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances including a system of rules and principles.
Attempts to explain phenomena and predict future behavior
Theories help develop effective interventions based on scientific evidence

Models

Models are graphical depictions of a phenomenon and do not attempt to explain why the phenomenon occurs

Constructs

Concepts, labels, or ideas that are not directly observable
Represent subjective domains such as motivation
Examples include motivation, intention, and self-esteem

Motivation

Measured on a continuum from Low Self-Determination (lack of motivation) to High Self-Determination (intrinsic motivation)
Four types of Extrinsic Motivation (motivated by external factors):
- Integrated Regulation - behavior becomes a part of who the person is
- Identified Regulation - motivated by personal goals and outcomes of the activity, not the activity itself
- Introjected Regulation - self-imposed pressure to avoid guilt
- External Regulation - motivated by reward

Self-Determination Theory

Psychological Needs:
- Autonomy: Feeling of self-determination, independence, choice, and control
- Competence: Feeling of mastery and being good at something
- Relatedness: Feeling a connection to others and that you matter

Emphasizes that the individual is part of a larger system, and multiple factors influence behavior
Consists of:
- The Individual: bears responsibility for their health
- Physical Activity Domains: areas of life where physical activities might take place, like work, home, or school
- Interpersonal-Level Factors: interactions and relationships between individuals and groups
- Physical Environment: built and natural environmental features that influence physical activity, like sidewalks, parks, and green spaces
- Policy: rules and regulations that impact physical activity

Determinants

Factors that are correlated with physical activity and directly affect physical activity, like weather and outdoor activity

Correlates

Factors that are reliably associated with physical activity but don't cause changes in physical activity, like owning exercise equipment
Used to understand influences on physical activity

Built Environment

Consists of:
- Functional features: elements that impact how easily spaces can be used, like sidewalks, parking, and wheelchair accessibility
- Safety features: elements that keep people safe, like bike lanes, fences, and security cameras
- Aesthetic features: elements that make an environment visually appealing and engaging, like trees, flowers, and architecture
- Destination features: elements that promote physical activity by providing convenient places to walk or bike to, like gyms, shops, and playgrounds

Natural Environment

Includes:
- Green spaces: parks, forests, gardens
- Blue spaces: rivers, lakes, oceans
Improved mental well-being and more likely to be physically active for individuals living near green and blue spaces

Intervention Functions

Activities designed to change behavior by modifying capability, opportunity, and/or motivation
Examples - education, persuasion, training, prompts, and environmental restructuring

Policy Categories

Approaches used to support or establish interventions, like legislation, fiscal measures, or communication
Examples: regulation, education, fiscal measures, service provision, environmental change, and communication/marketing

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Description

This quiz explores different types of self-efficacy and their measurement through questionnaires, focusing on their application in exercise and education interventions for Type 2 diabetes. Understand how self-efficacy impacts one's confidence in overcoming barriers and achieving health goals.