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Questions and Answers

What are the three main approaches to measure physical activity or exercise?

  • Direct measurement, Observation, Exercise logs
  • Heart rate monitor, Surveys, Fitness classes
  • Self-report, Pedometer, Observation
  • Subjective measures, Objective measures, Observation (correct)

    • Which of the following is considered an objective measure of physical activity?

  • Pedometer (correct)
  • Attendance records
  • Physical activity recall questionnaires
  • Log of weight training

    • What is the 'gold standard' for measuring physical activity mentioned in the content?

  • VO2 measurements
  • Accelerometer (correct)
  • Fitness apps
  • Heart rate monitor

    • Which of the following theories focuses on predicting behavior based on perceived control over outcomes?

    <p>Theory of Planned Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of Self-Efficacy Theory's basic assumptions?

    <p>Environmental influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of measure involves directly viewing a fitness class or observing children's play?

    <p>Direct observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of subjective measures of physical activity?

    <p>Personal recall and surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely reason for regional differences in physical activity trends?

    <p>Cultural attitudes towards exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Social Cognitive Theories in relation to exercise?

    <p>How an individual thinks and feels about exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are considered correlates of physical activity?

    <p>Owning exercise equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is NOT part of the Social Ecological Model of Physical Activity?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Social Ecological Model, what is the difference between correlates and determinants of physical activity?

    <p>Determinants directly affect physical activity; correlates do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of factors includes interactions and relationships between groups and individuals?

    <p>Interpersonal-level factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the policy level play in the Social Ecological Model of Physical Activity?

    <p>It includes rules and regulations that impact physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the Physical Environment in the Social Ecological Model?

    <p>Features of the built and natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Social Ecological Model suggest about individual responsibility for health behaviors?

    <p>Individuals bear some responsibility but are part of a larger system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Task Self-Efficacy (Task SE) refer to?

    <p>Confidence to complete a specific task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central role in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Intentions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of self-efficacy deals with confidence in overcoming barriers?

    <p>Barrier Self-Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the measured outcome of the exercise intervention for people with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Self-Efficacy for Walking (SEW) increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of participants were surveyed in the study related to physical activity intentions?

    <p>Mothers of young children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following did NOT increase after the exercise intervention?

    <p>Barrier Self-Efficacy (BARSE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is identified as crucial for intention in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Strength of motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is used for measuring self-efficacy in relation to walking?

    <p>SEW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does monitoring energy and mood after exercises help with?

    <p>Improving exercise habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant correlation found in the study regarding physical activity?

    <p>High SEW and high physical activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the identified intention-activity profiles?

    <p>Active participants, reluctant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intervention involved both walking and workshops to boost self-efficacy?

    <p>Exercise intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does accurately monitoring heart rate, muscle fatigue, and breathing during exercise enable?

    <p>Enhancing exercise safety and effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What period of life is said to present numerous barriers to physical activity?

    <p>Parenthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of self-efficacy measures one's ability to handle unforeseen events?

    <p>Coping Self-Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'intenders, inactive' in the context of the study?

    <p>Individuals who intend to exercise but do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of intention in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a component of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>Intrapersonal Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Self-Determination Theory differ from the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>It emphasizes the importance of the type of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Intention-to-Behaviour Gap' refer to in the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>The difference between actual behaviour and planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the Strengths and Limitations of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

    <p>It effectively explains intentions while struggling with actual behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of correlates in relation to physical activity behavior?

    <p>Correlates are factors that are reliably associated with physical activity but do not cause changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Social Ecological Model, which level includes features of the built and natural environment?

    <p>Physical environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes determinants from correlates in the context of physical activity?

    <p>Determinants correlate with physical activity and directly affect it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Social Ecological Model represents interactions between groups and individuals?

    <p>Interpersonal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a determinant affecting physical activity?

    <p>Weather conditions impacting outdoor activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Social Ecological Model, which aspect is not associated with healthful behaviors?

    <p>Individual responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about individual responsibility in the context of the Social Ecological Model?

    <p>It plays a role but is just one part of a larger system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes policy in relation to physical activity in the Social Ecological Model?

    <p>It involves rules and regulations that impact physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a functional feature in the built environment?

    <p>Sidewalks and paths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for safety features in the built environment?

    <p>Barriers and fences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of environment is primarily associated with improving mental well-being?

    <p>Natural environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of physical activity motivation, what is intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Self-inspired motivation for personal enjoyment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence physical activity behavior according to the Social-Ecological Model?

    <p>Structural and interpersonal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to physical activity behavior when an incentive is removed?

    <p>Physical activity behavior declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the physical environment is concerned with the availability of destinations for physical activity?

    <p>Destination features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an impact of living near green or blue spaces on individuals?

    <p>Increased likelihood of engaging in physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of a theory?

    <p>It predicts future behaviors based on analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the difference between theories and models?

    <p>Theories explain why phenomena occur, whereas models depict them visually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a construct in the context of a theory?

    <p>It represents subjective domains of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are theories considered essential in understanding physical activity?

    <p>They help formulate effective behavioral interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about the ability to prove theories?

    <p>Theories can always be proven beyond doubt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do theories aid in predicting exercise behavior?

    <p>They analyze a broad range of relevant factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do constructs play in a theory?

    <p>They are labels for ideas not directly observable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily targeted in interventions aimed at increasing strength training among college students?

    <p>Physical Capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the behaviour change approach discussed?

    <p>To encourage college students to engage in strength training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception might someone have about correlation and causation in theories?

    <p>Correlation always implies causation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an example of a policy category that supports physical activity interventions in workplaces?

    <p>Introducing flexible working hours for exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'intervention functions' designed to do?

    <p>Change behaviour by modifying factors of capability, opportunity, and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When selecting policy categories for college strength training interventions, what is one critical consideration?

    <p>Influence over the feasibility of implementing categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Behaviour Change Wheel aim to achieve in terms of intervention strategies?

    <p>To provide a systematic approach for understanding target behaviours and available options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stakeholders might be involved in planning a physical activity intervention for a remote indigenous school?

    <p>Parents, cultural leaders, and educators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach best supports college students in adopting strength training according to the interventions discussed?

    <p>Offering more accessible facilities and programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Motivation arising from personal satisfaction and enjoyment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of extrinsic motivation that involves personal goals?

    <p>Identified regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'competence' in the context of Basic Psychological Needs?

    <p>Mastery experiences and feeling skilled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulation type is characterized by behavior driven to avoid guilt?

    <p>Introjected regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amotivation is best defined as:

    <p>A complete lack of motivation to engage in any behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Self-Determination Theory does 'autonomy' emphasize?

    <p>Perception of self-determination and independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation is considered to be at the high end of the self-determination continuum?

    <p>Integrated regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of external regulation in motivation?

    <p>Motivated primarily by outside rewards or punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of motivation is NOT part of the self-determination theory's framework?

    <p>Behavioral performance outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Self-Efficacy

    • Task SE: Confidence to complete a specific task.
    • Barrier SE: Confidence to overcome barriers preventing goal achievement.
    • Scheduling SE: Confidence to effectively schedule time for a goal.
    • Coping SE: Confidence to handle unforeseen events that may impede goal progress.

    Measuring Self-Efficacy

    • Measured using questionnaires, evaluating the level of challenge and the strength of self-efficacy.
    • Challenge ranges from low (1 mile) to high (10 miles).

    Education vs. Exercise Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes

    • Exercise intervention: 8-week walking program with 4 workshops.
    • Workshop goals: Increase self-efficacy in four areas.
    • Education intervention: Online diabetes and health education course.

    Measuring Self-Efficacy in the Study

    • Barrier Self-Efficacy (BARSE): Confidence in facing barriers like weather and time.
    • Self-Efficacy for Walking (SEW): Confidence in walking at a fast pace for 5, 10, and 15 minutes.
    • Exercise Self-Efficacy (EXSE): Confidence in exercising for 40 minutes over 2, 3, and 4 months.

    Results of the Study

    • SEW and EXSE increased after both interventions, but BARSE did not.
    • Physical activity increased and remained elevated after 6 months following the intervention.
    • Positive correlation between SEW and BARSE, and increased physical activity.
      • Individuals with higher walking and barrier self-efficacy tended to have increased physical activity levels.

    Limitations of Self-Efficacy

    • Influence of socioeconomic status on self-efficacy (high income vs. low income) is a consideration.
    • Regional differences in physical activity need to be considered.
    • Trends across age groups should also be explored.
    • Measurement methods for physical activity need to be investigated.

    Measuring Physical Activity or Exercise

    • Physical activity varies in mode, frequency, duration, and intensity.
    • Three main approaches to measure physical activity:
      • Subjective measures: Self-report/survey.
      • Objective measures: Tracking devices, fitness apps, direct measurement (e.g. VO2, accelerometer).
      • Observation: Direct (viewing a fitness class) and indirect (taking attendance to assess adherence).

    Theories in Exercise Psychology: Social Cognitive Theories

    • A theory provides a framework to understand how people make decisions.
    • Models show how components of a theory relate to each other.
    • Theories are important for understanding and predicting behavior.

    Basic Assumptions of Social Cognitive Theories

    • Individuals are active participants in their own learning and behavior change.
    • Behavior is shaped by interactions between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.

    Three Social Cognitive Theories

    • **Self-Efficacy Theory (SET): ** Belief in one's ability to perform a task.
    • Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): Intentions are central to predicting behavior.
    • Self-Determination Theory (SDT): The type or quality of motivation is crucial for behavioral engagement.

    Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

    • Intentions are key for predicting behavior.
    • Intention: a person's conscious plan to perform a behavior.
    • Factors determining Intention:
      • Attitudes: Person's evaluation of a behavior.
      • Subjective Norms: Social pressure to perform the behavior.
      • Perceived Behavioral Control: Evaluation of facilitators and barriers to performing the behavior.
    • Strength of Motivation: Key to intention.

    Strengths and Limitations of TPB

    • Strengths: Explains intentions to exercise well. Attitudes have stronger impact on intentions than subjective norms and perceived behavioral control.
    • Limitations: Poor at explaining actual behavior, as the intention-to-behavior gap can be significant (around 48%).

    Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

    • Type or quality of motivation is as important as the strength of motivation for determining behavioral engagement.
    • Focus on intrinsic motivation: How self-determined an individual's behavior is.

    Social Ecological Models of Physical Activity

    • Social cognitive theories focus on the individual.
    • Social ecological models take a broader perspective, recognizing the individual as just one piece of the puzzle.
    • Factors influencing individual behavior:
      • Individual: Personal characteristics.
      • Physical Activity Domains: Areas where physical activity occurs.
      • Interpersonal factors: Relationships and interactions.
      • Physical Environment: Features of the built and natural environment.
      • Policy: Rules, regulations, and practices that can impact physical activity.

    Correlates vs. Determinants of Physical Activity

    • Correlates: Factors associated with, but not causing changes in, physical activity (e.g., owning exercise equipment).
    • Determinants: Factors correlated with, and directly influencing, physical activity (e.g., weather and outdoor activity).

    Theory

    • A systematically organized body of knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances including a system of rules and principles.
    • Attempts to explain phenomena and predict future behavior
    • Theories help develop effective interventions based on scientific evidence

    Models

    • Models are graphical depictions of a phenomenon and do not attempt to explain why the phenomenon occurs

    Constructs

    • Concepts, labels, or ideas that are not directly observable
    • Represent subjective domains such as motivation
    • Examples include motivation, intention, and self-esteem

    Motivation

    • Measured on a continuum from Low Self-Determination (lack of motivation) to High Self-Determination (intrinsic motivation)
    • Four types of Extrinsic Motivation (motivated by external factors):
      • Integrated Regulation - behavior becomes a part of who the person is
      • Identified Regulation - motivated by personal goals and outcomes of the activity, not the activity itself
      • Introjected Regulation - self-imposed pressure to avoid guilt
      • External Regulation - motivated by reward

    Self-Determination Theory

    • Psychological Needs:
      • Autonomy: Feeling of self-determination, independence, choice, and control
      • Competence: Feeling of mastery and being good at something
      • Relatedness: Feeling a connection to others and that you matter

    Social-Ecological Model of Physical Activity

    • Emphasizes that the individual is part of a larger system, and multiple factors influence behavior
    • Consists of:
      • The Individual: bears responsibility for their health
      • Physical Activity Domains: areas of life where physical activities might take place, like work, home, or school
      • Interpersonal-Level Factors: interactions and relationships between individuals and groups
      • Physical Environment: built and natural environmental features that influence physical activity, like sidewalks, parks, and green spaces
      • Policy: rules and regulations that impact physical activity

    Determinants

    • Factors that are correlated with physical activity and directly affect physical activity, like weather and outdoor activity

    Correlates

    • Factors that are reliably associated with physical activity but don't cause changes in physical activity, like owning exercise equipment
    • Used to understand influences on physical activity

    Built Environment

    • Consists of:
      • Functional features: elements that impact how easily spaces can be used, like sidewalks, parking, and wheelchair accessibility
      • Safety features: elements that keep people safe, like bike lanes, fences, and security cameras
      • Aesthetic features: elements that make an environment visually appealing and engaging, like trees, flowers, and architecture
      • Destination features: elements that promote physical activity by providing convenient places to walk or bike to, like gyms, shops, and playgrounds

    Natural Environment

    • Includes:
      • Green spaces: parks, forests, gardens
      • Blue spaces: rivers, lakes, oceans
    • Improved mental well-being and more likely to be physically active for individuals living near green and blue spaces

    Intervention Functions

    • Activities designed to change behavior by modifying capability, opportunity, and/or motivation
    • Examples - education, persuasion, training, prompts, and environmental restructuring

    Policy Categories

    • Approaches used to support or establish interventions, like legislation, fiscal measures, or communication
    • Examples: regulation, education, fiscal measures, service provision, environmental change, and communication/marketing

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    Description

    This quiz explores different types of self-efficacy and their measurement through questionnaires, focusing on their application in exercise and education interventions for Type 2 diabetes. Understand how self-efficacy impacts one's confidence in overcoming barriers and achieving health goals.

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