Test #1 - MCQ Medium

Types of Self-Efficacy

• Task SE: Confidence to complete a specific task.
• Barrier SE: Confidence to overcome barriers preventing goal achievement.
• Scheduling SE: Confidence to effectively schedule time for a goal.
• Coping SE: Confidence to handle unforeseen events that may impede goal progress.

Measuring Self-Efficacy

• Measured using questionnaires, evaluating the level of challenge and the strength of self-efficacy.
• Challenge ranges from low (1 mile) to high (10 miles).

Education vs. Exercise Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes

• Exercise intervention: 8-week walking program with 4 workshops.
• Workshop goals: Increase self-efficacy in four areas.
• Education intervention: Online diabetes and health education course.

Measuring Self-Efficacy in the Study

• Barrier Self-Efficacy (BARSE): Confidence in facing barriers like weather and time.
• Self-Efficacy for Walking (SEW): Confidence in walking at a fast pace for 5, 10, and 15 minutes.
• Exercise Self-Efficacy (EXSE): Confidence in exercising for 40 minutes over 2, 3, and 4 months.

Results of the Study

• SEW and EXSE increased after both interventions, but BARSE did not.
• Physical activity increased and remained elevated after 6 months following the intervention.
• Positive correlation between SEW and BARSE, and increased physical activity.
  • Individuals with higher walking and barrier self-efficacy tended to have increased physical activity levels.

Limitations of Self-Efficacy

• Influence of socioeconomic status on self-efficacy (high income vs. low income) is a consideration.

Global Physical Activity Trends

• Regional differences in physical activity need to be considered.
• Trends across age groups should also be explored.
• Measurement methods for physical activity need to be investigated.

Measuring Physical Activity or Exercise

• Physical activity varies in mode, frequency, duration, and intensity.
• Three main approaches to measure physical activity:
  • Subjective measures: Self-report/survey.
  • Objective measures: Tracking devices, fitness apps, direct measurement (e.g. VO2, accelerometer).
  • Observation: Direct (viewing a fitness class) and indirect (taking attendance to assess adherence).

Theories in Exercise Psychology: Social Cognitive Theories

• A theory provides a framework to understand how people make decisions.
• Models show how components of a theory relate to each other.
• Theories are important for understanding and predicting behavior.

Basic Assumptions of Social Cognitive Theories

• Individuals are active participants in their own learning and behavior change.
• Behavior is shaped by interactions between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Three Social Cognitive Theories

• **Self-Efficacy Theory (SET): ** Belief in one's ability to perform a task.
• Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): Intentions are central to predicting behavior.
• Self-Determination Theory (SDT): The type or quality of motivation is crucial for behavioral engagement.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

• Intentions are key for predicting behavior.
• Intention: a person's conscious plan to perform a behavior.
• Factors determining Intention:
  • Attitudes: Person's evaluation of a behavior.
  • Subjective Norms: Social pressure to perform the behavior.
  • Perceived Behavioral Control: Evaluation of facilitators and barriers to performing the behavior.
• Strength of Motivation: Key to intention.

Strengths and Limitations of TPB

• Strengths: Explains intentions to exercise well. Attitudes have stronger impact on intentions than subjective norms and perceived behavioral control.
• Limitations: Poor at explaining actual behavior, as the intention-to-behavior gap can be significant (around 48%).

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

• Type or quality of motivation is as important as the strength of motivation for determining behavioral engagement.
• Focus on intrinsic motivation: How self-determined an individual's behavior is.

Social Ecological Models of Physical Activity

• Social cognitive theories focus on the individual.
• Social ecological models take a broader perspective, recognizing the individual as just one piece of the puzzle.
• Factors influencing individual behavior:
  • Individual: Personal characteristics.
  • Physical Activity Domains: Areas where physical activity occurs.
  • Interpersonal factors: Relationships and interactions.
  • Physical Environment: Features of the built and natural environment.
  • Policy: Rules, regulations, and practices that can impact physical activity.

Correlates vs. Determinants of Physical Activity

• Correlates: Factors associated with, but not causing changes in, physical activity (e.g., owning exercise equipment).
• Determinants: Factors correlated with, and directly influencing, physical activity (e.g., weather and outdoor activity).

Theory

• A systematically organized body of knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances including a system of rules and principles.
• Attempts to explain phenomena and predict future behavior
• Theories help develop effective interventions based on scientific evidence

Models

• Models are graphical depictions of a phenomenon and do not attempt to explain why the phenomenon occurs

Constructs

• Concepts, labels, or ideas that are not directly observable
• Represent subjective domains such as motivation
• Examples include motivation, intention, and self-esteem

Motivation

• Measured on a continuum from Low Self-Determination (lack of motivation) to High Self-Determination (intrinsic motivation)
• Four types of Extrinsic Motivation (motivated by external factors):
  • Integrated Regulation - behavior becomes a part of who the person is
  • Identified Regulation - motivated by personal goals and outcomes of the activity, not the activity itself
  • Introjected Regulation - self-imposed pressure to avoid guilt
  • External Regulation - motivated by reward

Self-Determination Theory

• Psychological Needs:
  • Autonomy: Feeling of self-determination, independence, choice, and control
  • Competence: Feeling of mastery and being good at something
  • Relatedness: Feeling a connection to others and that you matter

Social-Ecological Model of Physical Activity

• Emphasizes that the individual is part of a larger system, and multiple factors influence behavior
• Consists of:
  • The Individual: bears responsibility for their health
  • Physical Activity Domains: areas of life where physical activities might take place, like work, home, or school
  • Interpersonal-Level Factors: interactions and relationships between individuals and groups
  • Physical Environment: built and natural environmental features that influence physical activity, like sidewalks, parks, and green spaces
  • Policy: rules and regulations that impact physical activity

Determinants

• Factors that are correlated with physical activity and directly affect physical activity, like weather and outdoor activity

Correlates

• Factors that are reliably associated with physical activity but don't cause changes in physical activity, like owning exercise equipment
• Used to understand influences on physical activity

Built Environment

• Consists of:
  • Functional features: elements that impact how easily spaces can be used, like sidewalks, parking, and wheelchair accessibility
  • Safety features: elements that keep people safe, like bike lanes, fences, and security cameras
  • Aesthetic features: elements that make an environment visually appealing and engaging, like trees, flowers, and architecture
  • Destination features: elements that promote physical activity by providing convenient places to walk or bike to, like gyms, shops, and playgrounds

Natural Environment

• Includes:
  • Green spaces: parks, forests, gardens
  • Blue spaces: rivers, lakes, oceans
• Improved mental well-being and more likely to be physically active for individuals living near green and blue spaces

Intervention Functions

• Activities designed to change behavior by modifying capability, opportunity, and/or motivation
• Examples - education, persuasion, training, prompts, and environmental restructuring

Policy Categories

• Approaches used to support or establish interventions, like legislation, fiscal measures, or communication
• Examples: regulation, education, fiscal measures, service provision, environmental change, and communication/marketing

This quiz explores different types of self-efficacy and their measurement through questionnaires, focusing on their application in exercise and education interventions for Type 2 diabetes. Understand how self-efficacy impacts one's confidence in overcoming barriers and achieving health goals.