Scientific Theories and Discoveries

• Historical antecedents changed the course of science and technology.
• It is important to identify and explain the impact of Science & Technology in society.
• It is important to trace the historical antecedents of science and technology.
• It is important to discuss how the ideas postulated by intellectuals contributed to the spark of scientific revolution.
• Be able to narrate the most renowned scientific & technological developments in the Philippines.

Introduction

• Man has tried to improve his way and quality of life since the beginning of time.
• Early discoveries led people to develop tools for activities and to focus on evolved processes that added value to life.
• Technology is applying knowledge, skills, tools, and materials.
• Advances in science and technology are the product of many prior precedents.
• People in ancient times inevitably discovered and invented things that affect modern lives.
• The focus of Science, Technology, and Society is an interdisciplinary study of science and technology with society and culture.
• The impact of humans on the planet has changed the Earth considerably.
• Discoveries and inventions are shaped by historical forces; influencing values, aspirations, events, and institutions.
• Scientific advances are results of creativity and incremental changes from various periods.
• The need to improve people's quality of life is the driving force behind continuous progress.

Nature of Science, Technology, and Society

• Science comes from the Latin word "Scientia" meaning knowledge.
• Science is a systematic, organized knowledge that investigates nature. Including ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
• Technology stems from "Techne"(art, craft, skill) and "Logos", and is a system of skills, techniques, processes, and products of scientific concept.
• Technology is also the scientific study of the practical or industrial arts.
• Society is an ethnic or racial network, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities.
• Society is people that interact to share a culture.

Science & Technology in Different Periods

• How civilization has changed over the centuries displays the understanding of humankind in nature and the control and influence on the environment.
• The elements made it possible to reach sophisticated civilizations; making weapons became more efficient.
• Hunters transitioned to being farmers and fishers, and clothing became a necessity.

The Ancient Times

• Sumerian Civilization (3500 BC)
• Babylonian Civilization (3,500 BC – 500 BC)
• Egyptian Civilization (5,000 – 3,100 BC)
• Greek Civilization (1100 BC)
• Roman Civilization (102 – 44 B.C)

Sumerian Civilization (3500 BC)

• Located in Mesopotamia, now Iraq and Kuwait.
• Sumerian Civilization is considered the cradle of civilization.
• Their primary source of livelihood was agriculture.
• Irrigation systems were constructed consisting of dikes and canals to control flooding.
• The wheel, sail, and plow were invented, improving trade and farming.
• Large structures were built from sun-dried bricks made of clay.
• Bronze was forged from copper and tin (around 3,000 BC), enabling the creation of more robust tools and weapons.
• Cuneiform was developed as a device with word representations and triangular symbols carved on clay with wedge instruments.
• They introduced a 360-day calendar.
• The sixty minute time duration came from sexagesimal number system where the circumference of a circle = 360 degrees

Babylonian Civilization (3,500 BC - 500 BC)

• Located in the border of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq.
• Adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system.
• The calendar alternated 29 and 30 day months characterized by an extra month, 3 times every 8 years, with further added months.
• Believed the movement of heavenly bodies could forecast terrestrial events, compiling lists of planets and stars.
• Developed an irrigation system for crops and livestock.

Egyptian Civilization (5,000 - 3,100 BC)

• Geographically situated in Africa's north-eastern part.
• Worked on metals to produce tools, weapons and agricultural equipment.
• Constructed dwellings made of reeds and air-dried mud bricks.
• Hieroglyphics is an ancient from of writing created by the Egyptians using symbols (Rosetta Stone).
• Ancient Egyptians made papyrus plant for writing to make carrying & storage easier .
• The Ancient Egyptians created a 365-day calendar.

Greek Civilization (1100 BC)

• Birth place of scientific works and intellectuals, such as Thales, Socrates, Hippocrates, Aristotle.
• Philosophy and natural laws prospered in this time.
• Archimedes, Pythagoras, Euclid, and Ptolemy served as the foundation and pillars of western civilization.

Inventions of Ancient Greeks

• Watermill powered by water was used to grind with waterwheel and toothed gear to expedite the grind.
• Plato used a water clock to trigger a sound at a specific time which was the advent of alarm clocks.
• The Greeks invented a central heating type to transfer hot air from fires to empty spaces under the temples' floors.
• Archimedes' Screw invented by Archimedes, provided an efficient way to move water up a hill.

Roman Civilization (102 – 44 B.C)

• A sophisticated system was established to circulate written news using a newspaper format known as Acta diurnal/Acta Senatus.
• Romans were skillful in building infrastructures with good integrity/built.
• Infrastructure networks were developed, and roads were built from Rome to other places in Italy.
• Immense permanent structures such as domes, theaters, and stadiums were constructed.

The Medieval/Middle Ages

• Characterized by massive invasions and migrations.
• Technological advancements were needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health.
• Most innovative minds came from this period to improve trade and commerce among nations.

Pasteurization

• Establishing better production means met population needs and food security became an issue.
• Concerns over dairy products, especially milk, the challenge to processed food rotting was greater because it caused diseases such as diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid fever.
• Pasteurization heats dairy products to destroy harmful bacteria.

Petroleum Refinery

• It was brought about by the scarcity of animal oil production.
• Kerosene(illuminating oil) was invented by Samuel M. Kier by refining petroleum.
• Petroleum was later used for heating.
• Petroleum production was founded with kerosene production (Skrabec, 2010).
• Petroleum is widely used to power automobiles, factories, and power plants.

The Printing Press

• The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg after the Chinese invented woodblock printing as a more efficient method of printing using a cast type.
• Wooden machines that extracted fruit juices, attached a metal impression of letters to them, pressed the cast metal firmly into a piece of paper and made an exact impression on paper.

The Microscope

• A growth in immigrants triggered significant migration & urbanization at the time.
• More people heading to dirty and crowded urban areas sought medical care after becoming ill.
• Understanding medical conditions through examination to establish the best drugs for illnesses led to the invention of the microscope.
• Zacharias Janssen created the first compound microscope, led by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses.

The Telescope

• There was a strong need for nautical innovations, because the Middle Ages was also regarded as the Age of Discovery.
• The telescope was important for ship captains to navigate or escape danger at sea by viewing distant objects.

The Telephone

• The more people that got acquainted through trade and discovery, the more that they wanted a way to keep these links securely and communicate with each other in real time resulted in The Telephone..
• Governments used a communication system was used to better administer their states.

The Calculator

• Circumstances in modern times demanded a quicker way of calculating more complex equations.
• Computing tools needed to be easy to handle for everyday use.
• The inventin of modern calculators paved the way for simpler and more complicated arithmetical processing machines.

Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Revolution pertains to the emergence or birth of modern science.
• The Scientific Revolution was a period of enlightenment in the field of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry which transformed how society viewed nature.
• Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science.
• It was a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions.
• Scientific beliefs were challenged and opposed.

3 Revolutions That Defined Society

• Ideas of Known Intellectuals
• Information Revolution
• Cradles of Early Science

Ideas of Known Intellectuals

• Nicholas Copernicus was an Astronomer who contradicted the geocentric model and proposed the Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun. In the sixth century Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that The Earth is the center of the universe. The shift from geocentric to heliocentric happened slowly due to the contributions of Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilie, Isaac Newton.
• The influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion, physics, and philosophy.
• It changes people's belief about the placement of Earth.
• Charles Darwin's books "On the Origin of Species"(1859) presented evidence on how species evolved over time.
• "The Descent of Man (1871)" introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking.
• The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection – where organisms change overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Allowing the organisms to adapt to its environment so it can survive and have more offspring.
• All life on Earth is connected and related to each other.
• This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection.
• Natural Selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where fitness refers to the ability to survive and reproduce.
• Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis and described that the brain could be segmented into compartments.
• Developed an observational method that focused on human sexuality and evil nature of man, greatly affecting the Literature, Visual Arts and Music.

Information Revolution

• An invention of Alan Turing's machine introduced human entities to thinking and being conscious .
• Included Sumerian's cuneiform/ pictograph
• Gutenberg's printing press
• The use of typewriter and telegraph
• Technologies are used widely with the help of the internet.

Four Cradles of Early Science

• Mesoamerican – Aztec, Mayan, Inca
• Middle East - Arabs
• Asia – Chinese
• Africans

Aztec Civilization

• They valued education as a tool for education for every social class, gender or age
• They developed chocolate
• Cacao beans were used for their tribute to their gods
• They practiced advanced medicine using passion flower prevent spasms & relax muscles during surgery.
• Aztecs used Chinampas an area of fertile land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds..
• Calendar had 18 months and 20 days for 365 days.
• Established a military force.
• Warfare was important.
• Boys became warriors when they were seventeen
• They believed a short, brave life was better than one of defeat
• Aztecs was always ready for battle

Mayan Civilization

• They were known for work in astronomy and eclipse prediction.
• Calendar useful for life to plant and celebrate rituals.
• Sophisticated growing, cultivating different crops and building cities with machinery
• Used looms for weaving and paint with mica from minerals..
• Used rubber for ball game or tatchli.
• Beans for currency Had hydraulics.

Inca Civilizations

• Mita system for construction and building to cultivate textile production.
• Quipo system for bookkeeping and paving roads for earthquakes and irrigation.
• Calendar with 12 Months for religious festivals for seasons, and first suspension bridge
• Textiles from cloth for artistry achievement.

Middle East - Arab

• Applied roman ideas to improve the watermill or Noria
• Machine design for war & improved designs/engineering
• Badic al- Zaman describe candle clocks and vessel fountains
• Dimashqui explains blueprint for 6 piston engine and power

Asia - Chinese

• China had to herbal medicine, acupuncture which led to compass paper and gunpowder
• China also included Daoist Alchemy & Chemistry

Africa

• Was known to produce Ethiopia coffee in the West, Africa was basis for all popular drinks
• Also used plant's for salicylic acid to create medicine & the system for operating medicine.

Conclusion

• Necessity is the source of creativity and innovation, and innovations are inspired by social, political, cultural, and economic contexts.
• STS focuses on analyzing science and technology's evolution and its impacts on social, cultural, political, and economic contexts, along with circumstances that influenced science and technology.
• Interests mainly focus on the context history of technical advances.

Activity: Philippine Inventions

• Videoke
• Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
• Salt Lamp
• Medical Incubator
• Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
• Ejeepney

Test your knowledge of influential scientific theories and discoveries. Topics include the geocentric and heliocentric models, Darwin's theory of evolution, and the significance of the telescope. Match scientists to their contributions and understand key concepts like adaptation and survival of the fittest.