Scientific Theories and Research Ethics
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Questions and Answers

What is plagiarism?

  • Falsely representing data
  • Theft of another's work or ideas (correct)
  • Fabricating experimental results
  • Performing an experiment without consent

    • What is a primary concern in human research?

  • Protecting the welfare of research participants (correct)
  • Using the same methodology in all studies
  • Ensuring participants complete the study
  • Getting accurate results

    • Why is fabrication considered more serious than plagiarism?

  • Because it means stealing entire works
  • Because it involves using someone else's ideas
  • Because it entails faking data or information (correct)
  • Because it requires deception without consent

    • What is informed consent in the context of human research?

    <p>Participants agree to the study after understanding its nature, risks, and discomforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deception in a research context involve?

    <p>Failing to tell the participants the exact purpose of the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the words 'truth' or 'proof' almost forbidden in science?

    <p>Because science is rapidly changing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arises from several hypotheses that are tested?

    <p>A theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes a hypothesis in scientific terms?

    <p>An educated guess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a theory in science?

    <p>To integrate and interpret diverse observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about scientific hypotheses?

    <p>They are educated guesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would some experiments performed in the past not be performed today?

    <p>Because of ethical issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ethical committee play in contemporary research studies?

    <p>They oversee and approve the study’s ethical aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the development of ethics in research?

    <p>Ethics in research have developed and become stricter over the years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best differentiates plagiarism from fabrication?

    <p>Plagiarism involves using someone else’s work without credit; fabrication involves making up data or results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would not be a responsibility of an ethical committee in research?

    <p>Conducting the research experiments themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research technique is used to characterize cell types by outlining the whole cell, including dendritic spines?

    <p>The Golgi stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is specifically taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons?

    <p>Myelin stains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a naturalistic observation?

    <p>Observation in a natural setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Nissl stain in neuroscience research?

    <p>To outline all cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experimental study, what is the independent variable?

    <p>The variable that is manipulated by the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique makes neurons stand out visibly and can reveal active neurons, allowing for correlation with behavior?

    <p>Autoradiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components?

    <p>Immunocystochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method involves following the progress of one specific patient?

    <p>Case study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't conclusions about cause and effect be drawn from correlational studies?

    <p>They do not involve manipulation of an independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method uses a questionnaire to evaluate different aspects of behavior?

    <p>Survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one problem associated with experimental studies?

    <p>Problem with controlling of extraneous variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the beam of electrons in a scanning electron microscope induce the specimen to do?

    <p>Emit electrons itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which German psychiatrist invented the electroencephalography (EEG)?

    <p>Hans Berger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the electronic amplifier serve in EEG?

    <p>Detects combined electrical activity of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what purposes is EEG used aside from research?

    <p>Diagnosing epilepsy or brain tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some advanced microscopes mentioned apart from the scanning electron microscope?

    <p>Confocal laser scanning microscope and two-photon microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

    <p>To stimulate brain tissue using a magnetic coil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique is the first modern medical imaging method?

    <p>Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) detect to measure brain activity?

    <p>Oxygen levels in active neural structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream?

    <p>Positron emission tomography (PET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is typically NOT part of research ethics dashboards?

    <p>Ethical guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) notably used for treating resistant depression?

    <p>Czech Republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theory and Tentativeness

    • Scientific theories integrate and interpret diverse observations to explain a phenomenon, rising from several tested hypotheses.
    • Hypotheses are often referred to as "educated guesses".

    Plagiarism and Fabrication

    • Plagiarism is the theft of another's work or ideas, denying individual credit, and failing to give appropriate citations or references.
    • Fabrication is more serious than plagiarism, basically involved in faking.

    Human Research

    • The key focus of human research is protecting the welfare of participants, ensuring they leave in the same mental state as when they arrived.
    • General research steps include:
      • Explaining the nature of the research
      • Obtaining informed consent (voluntary agreement with participation after receiving information about risks, discomfort, or other adverse effects)
      • Conducting an experiment or correlational study
      • Avoiding deception (failing to tell participants the exact purpose)

    Research Ethics

    • Ethics in research have developed over the years, with past experiments not being performed today due to ethical issues.
    • Each study must be approved by an ethical committee, which oversees the study during its duration.

    Research Techniques

    The Golgi Stain

    • Outlines the whole cell, including dendritic spines
    • Used to characterize cell type
    • Only stains a small number of neurons

    Myelin Stains

    • Taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons
    • Identifies neural pathways

    Nissl Stain

    • Outlines all cell bodies, as the dye is attracted to RNA in the nucleus
    • Used to measure cell body size and density of cells

    Autoradiography

    • Makes neurons stand out visibly, similar to staining
    • Reveals which neurons are active, allowing correlation with behavior

    Immunocystochemistry

    • Uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components, including receptors, neurotransmitters, and enzymes

    Transmission Electron Microscope

    • Passes a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue
    • Different parts of the tissue block or pass electrons to different degrees, producing an image

    Introduction to Neuroscience

    Research Methods

    • Naturalistic observation: observation in a natural setting
    • Case study: following one specific patient and their progress
    • Survey: questionnaire evaluating different aspects of behavior
    • Experiment: controlling one variable and observing the effect on the other

    Experimental vs. Correlational Studies

    • Experiment: a study in which a researcher manipulates a condition (independent variable) expected to produce a change in behavior (dependent variable)
    • Correlational study: a study in which a researcher does not control an independent variable but observes whether two variables are related to each other

    Brain Imaging Techniques

    Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)

    • Produces a series of X-rays taken from different angles
    • Computer combines the series of two-dimensional horizontal cross sections, allowing for 3D images of the entire organ

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

    • Measures the radio-frequency waves emitted by the nuclei of hydrogen atoms when subjected to a strong magnetic field

    Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

    • Measures brain activity by detecting the increase in oxygen levels in active neural structures

    Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

    • Involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream, which is taken up by parts of the brain according to how active they are

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    Description

    Understand the fundamentals of scientific theories, hypotheses, and the importance of research ethics, including plagiarism and fabrication

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