Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is plagiarism?
What is plagiarism?
- Falsely representing data
- Theft of another's work or ideas (correct)
- Fabricating experimental results
- Performing an experiment without consent
What is a primary concern in human research?
What is a primary concern in human research?
- Protecting the welfare of research participants (correct)
- Using the same methodology in all studies
- Ensuring participants complete the study
- Getting accurate results
Why is fabrication considered more serious than plagiarism?
Why is fabrication considered more serious than plagiarism?
- Because it means stealing entire works
- Because it involves using someone else's ideas
- Because it entails faking data or information (correct)
- Because it requires deception without consent
What is informed consent in the context of human research?
What is informed consent in the context of human research?
What does deception in a research context involve?
What does deception in a research context involve?
Why are the words 'truth' or 'proof' almost forbidden in science?
Why are the words 'truth' or 'proof' almost forbidden in science?
What arises from several hypotheses that are tested?
What arises from several hypotheses that are tested?
What best describes a hypothesis in scientific terms?
What best describes a hypothesis in scientific terms?
What is the role of a theory in science?
What is the role of a theory in science?
Which statement is true about scientific hypotheses?
Which statement is true about scientific hypotheses?
Why would some experiments performed in the past not be performed today?
Why would some experiments performed in the past not be performed today?
What role does the ethical committee play in contemporary research studies?
What role does the ethical committee play in contemporary research studies?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the development of ethics in research?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the development of ethics in research?
Which of the following best differentiates plagiarism from fabrication?
Which of the following best differentiates plagiarism from fabrication?
Which of the following would not be a responsibility of an ethical committee in research?
Which of the following would not be a responsibility of an ethical committee in research?
Which research technique is used to characterize cell types by outlining the whole cell, including dendritic spines?
Which research technique is used to characterize cell types by outlining the whole cell, including dendritic spines?
Which stain is specifically taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons?
Which stain is specifically taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons?
What is the primary characteristic of a naturalistic observation?
What is the primary characteristic of a naturalistic observation?
What is the primary purpose of using Nissl stain in neuroscience research?
What is the primary purpose of using Nissl stain in neuroscience research?
In an experimental study, what is the independent variable?
In an experimental study, what is the independent variable?
Which technique makes neurons stand out visibly and can reveal active neurons, allowing for correlation with behavior?
Which technique makes neurons stand out visibly and can reveal active neurons, allowing for correlation with behavior?
Which research method uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components?
Which research method uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components?
Which research method involves following the progress of one specific patient?
Which research method involves following the progress of one specific patient?
Why can't conclusions about cause and effect be drawn from correlational studies?
Why can't conclusions about cause and effect be drawn from correlational studies?
Which research method uses a questionnaire to evaluate different aspects of behavior?
Which research method uses a questionnaire to evaluate different aspects of behavior?
What is one problem associated with experimental studies?
What is one problem associated with experimental studies?
What does the beam of electrons in a scanning electron microscope induce the specimen to do?
What does the beam of electrons in a scanning electron microscope induce the specimen to do?
Which German psychiatrist invented the electroencephalography (EEG)?
Which German psychiatrist invented the electroencephalography (EEG)?
What role does the electronic amplifier serve in EEG?
What role does the electronic amplifier serve in EEG?
For what purposes is EEG used aside from research?
For what purposes is EEG used aside from research?
What are some advanced microscopes mentioned apart from the scanning electron microscope?
What are some advanced microscopes mentioned apart from the scanning electron microscope?
What is the primary purpose of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
What is the primary purpose of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Which brain imaging technique is the first modern medical imaging method?
Which brain imaging technique is the first modern medical imaging method?
What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) detect to measure brain activity?
What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) detect to measure brain activity?
Which brain imaging technique involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream?
Which brain imaging technique involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream?
Which component is typically NOT part of research ethics dashboards?
Which component is typically NOT part of research ethics dashboards?
In which country is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) notably used for treating resistant depression?
In which country is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) notably used for treating resistant depression?
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Study Notes
Theory and Tentativeness
- Scientific theories integrate and interpret diverse observations to explain a phenomenon, rising from several tested hypotheses.
- Hypotheses are often referred to as "educated guesses".
Plagiarism and Fabrication
- Plagiarism is the theft of another's work or ideas, denying individual credit, and failing to give appropriate citations or references.
- Fabrication is more serious than plagiarism, basically involved in faking.
Human Research
- The key focus of human research is protecting the welfare of participants, ensuring they leave in the same mental state as when they arrived.
- General research steps include:
- Explaining the nature of the research
- Obtaining informed consent (voluntary agreement with participation after receiving information about risks, discomfort, or other adverse effects)
- Conducting an experiment or correlational study
- Avoiding deception (failing to tell participants the exact purpose)
Research Ethics
- Ethics in research have developed over the years, with past experiments not being performed today due to ethical issues.
- Each study must be approved by an ethical committee, which oversees the study during its duration.
Research Techniques
The Golgi Stain
- Outlines the whole cell, including dendritic spines
- Used to characterize cell type
- Only stains a small number of neurons
Myelin Stains
- Taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons
- Identifies neural pathways
Nissl Stain
- Outlines all cell bodies, as the dye is attracted to RNA in the nucleus
- Used to measure cell body size and density of cells
Autoradiography
- Makes neurons stand out visibly, similar to staining
- Reveals which neurons are active, allowing correlation with behavior
Immunocystochemistry
- Uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components, including receptors, neurotransmitters, and enzymes
Transmission Electron Microscope
- Passes a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue
- Different parts of the tissue block or pass electrons to different degrees, producing an image
Introduction to Neuroscience
Research Methods
- Naturalistic observation: observation in a natural setting
- Case study: following one specific patient and their progress
- Survey: questionnaire evaluating different aspects of behavior
- Experiment: controlling one variable and observing the effect on the other
Experimental vs. Correlational Studies
- Experiment: a study in which a researcher manipulates a condition (independent variable) expected to produce a change in behavior (dependent variable)
- Correlational study: a study in which a researcher does not control an independent variable but observes whether two variables are related to each other
Brain Imaging Techniques
Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)
- Produces a series of X-rays taken from different angles
- Computer combines the series of two-dimensional horizontal cross sections, allowing for 3D images of the entire organ
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Measures the radio-frequency waves emitted by the nuclei of hydrogen atoms when subjected to a strong magnetic field
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- Measures brain activity by detecting the increase in oxygen levels in active neural structures
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream, which is taken up by parts of the brain according to how active they are
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