Questions and Answers
What is plagiarism?
What is a primary concern in human research?
Why is fabrication considered more serious than plagiarism?
What is informed consent in the context of human research?
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What does deception in a research context involve?
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Why are the words 'truth' or 'proof' almost forbidden in science?
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What arises from several hypotheses that are tested?
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What best describes a hypothesis in scientific terms?
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What is the role of a theory in science?
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Which statement is true about scientific hypotheses?
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Why would some experiments performed in the past not be performed today?
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What role does the ethical committee play in contemporary research studies?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the development of ethics in research?
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Which of the following best differentiates plagiarism from fabrication?
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Which of the following would not be a responsibility of an ethical committee in research?
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Which research technique is used to characterize cell types by outlining the whole cell, including dendritic spines?
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Which stain is specifically taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons?
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What is the primary characteristic of a naturalistic observation?
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What is the primary purpose of using Nissl stain in neuroscience research?
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In an experimental study, what is the independent variable?
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Which technique makes neurons stand out visibly and can reveal active neurons, allowing for correlation with behavior?
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Which research method uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components?
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Which research method involves following the progress of one specific patient?
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Why can't conclusions about cause and effect be drawn from correlational studies?
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Which research method uses a questionnaire to evaluate different aspects of behavior?
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What is one problem associated with experimental studies?
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What does the beam of electrons in a scanning electron microscope induce the specimen to do?
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Which German psychiatrist invented the electroencephalography (EEG)?
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What role does the electronic amplifier serve in EEG?
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For what purposes is EEG used aside from research?
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What are some advanced microscopes mentioned apart from the scanning electron microscope?
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What is the primary purpose of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
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Which brain imaging technique is the first modern medical imaging method?
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What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) detect to measure brain activity?
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Which brain imaging technique involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream?
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Which component is typically NOT part of research ethics dashboards?
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In which country is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) notably used for treating resistant depression?
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Study Notes
Theory and Tentativeness
- Scientific theories integrate and interpret diverse observations to explain a phenomenon, rising from several tested hypotheses.
- Hypotheses are often referred to as "educated guesses".
Plagiarism and Fabrication
- Plagiarism is the theft of another's work or ideas, denying individual credit, and failing to give appropriate citations or references.
- Fabrication is more serious than plagiarism, basically involved in faking.
Human Research
- The key focus of human research is protecting the welfare of participants, ensuring they leave in the same mental state as when they arrived.
- General research steps include:
- Explaining the nature of the research
- Obtaining informed consent (voluntary agreement with participation after receiving information about risks, discomfort, or other adverse effects)
- Conducting an experiment or correlational study
- Avoiding deception (failing to tell participants the exact purpose)
Research Ethics
- Ethics in research have developed over the years, with past experiments not being performed today due to ethical issues.
- Each study must be approved by an ethical committee, which oversees the study during its duration.
Research Techniques
The Golgi Stain
- Outlines the whole cell, including dendritic spines
- Used to characterize cell type
- Only stains a small number of neurons
Myelin Stains
- Taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons
- Identifies neural pathways
Nissl Stain
- Outlines all cell bodies, as the dye is attracted to RNA in the nucleus
- Used to measure cell body size and density of cells
Autoradiography
- Makes neurons stand out visibly, similar to staining
- Reveals which neurons are active, allowing correlation with behavior
Immunocystochemistry
- Uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components, including receptors, neurotransmitters, and enzymes
Transmission Electron Microscope
- Passes a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue
- Different parts of the tissue block or pass electrons to different degrees, producing an image
Introduction to Neuroscience
Research Methods
- Naturalistic observation: observation in a natural setting
- Case study: following one specific patient and their progress
- Survey: questionnaire evaluating different aspects of behavior
- Experiment: controlling one variable and observing the effect on the other
Experimental vs. Correlational Studies
- Experiment: a study in which a researcher manipulates a condition (independent variable) expected to produce a change in behavior (dependent variable)
- Correlational study: a study in which a researcher does not control an independent variable but observes whether two variables are related to each other
Brain Imaging Techniques
Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)
- Produces a series of X-rays taken from different angles
- Computer combines the series of two-dimensional horizontal cross sections, allowing for 3D images of the entire organ
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Measures the radio-frequency waves emitted by the nuclei of hydrogen atoms when subjected to a strong magnetic field
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- Measures brain activity by detecting the increase in oxygen levels in active neural structures
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream, which is taken up by parts of the brain according to how active they are
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Description
Understand the fundamentals of scientific theories, hypotheses, and the importance of research ethics, including plagiarism and fabrication