Historical Antecedents of Science & Technology PDF

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 01 Identify and explain the impact of Science & Technology in society.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 02 Trace the historical antecedents of science and tech...

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 01 Identify and explain the impact of Science & Technology in society.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 02 Trace the historical antecedents of science and technology.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 03 Discuss how the ideas postulated by the intellectuals contributed to the spark of scientific revolution.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 04 Narrate the most renowned scientific & technological developments in the Philippines.  Introduction Man has tried to improve his way and quality of life from the beginning of time. Discoveries made by early people led them to developing tools in performing a logical sequence of activities, and furthermore focusing on evolved processes that added value to life.  Introduction The totality of using and applying this knowledge, skills, tools, and materials constitute what we today describe as "technology.” The advances in science and technology were the product of many prior precedents.  Introduction People in ancient times were able to discover and invent inevitably things that would affect modern people's lives. Science, Technology, and Society is an interdisciplinary study of science and technology with society and culture.  Introduction The impact humans made to the planet provided an understanding that humans have considerably changed the Earth. The realization that discoveries and inventions are shaped by historical forces influence values, aspirations, events, and institutions, thus shaping history.  Introduction The advances we observe are not only the results of the creativity of people or a one-time cycle of thinking; they are often brought on by incremental changes to earlier works from various periods oftime. The driving force behind this continuous progress is the need to improve people's quality of life. NATURE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY SCIENCE Latin word “Scientia” (knowledge). a systematic, organized knowledge that investigates nature, includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about natural and physical world TECHNOLOGY “Techne” (art, craft, skill) and “Logos” (word). a system of skills, techniques, processes, and products of the scientific concept. scientific study of the practical or industrial arts. SOCIETY an ethnic or racial network, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. (Wikipedia) people that interact to share a common culture. (Sociology) SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS How civilization has changed over the centuries displays the understanding of humankind in the natural world (science) and the ability to control (technology) and influence it (society) from the ancient times to the present. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS The combination of elements made it possible to reach a level of sophistication to our civilization. The ability to make weapons from simple to modern ones became efficient. Hunters became farmers and fishers. Clothing became a necessity from nakedness.  The Ancient Times SUMERIAN BABYLONIAN EGYPTIAN GREEK CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION (3500 CIVILIZATION (3,500 CIVILIZATION (5,000 – (1100 BC) BC) BC - 500 BC) 3,100 BC) The Ancient Times ROMAN CIVILIZATION (102 – 44 B.C) Sumerian Civilization  SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (3500 BC) located in the generally the primary southern region of considered as the source of Mesopotamia cradle of livelihood is (now Iraq and civilization. agriculture. Kuwait)  SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (3500 BC) irrigation systems by invented the they built large constructing wheel, sail & plow, structures from dikes and canals improving trade & sun-dried bricks to control farming. made of clay. flooding.  SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (3500 BC) forged bronze from Cuneiform copper and tin a device that makes use of (around 3,000 BC), word representations and allowing for more triangular symbols carved robust tools and on clay using wedge instruments and left to dry. weapons.  SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (3500 BC) the basis for 60 minutes introduced a to an hour time duration came from sexagesimal 360-day number system where calendar the circumference of a circle = 360 degrees Babylonian Civilization  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION (3,500 BC - 500 BC) calendar with alternating located in the 29 and 30 day months adopted the characterized by an extra border of month three times every Sumerian Euphrates and eight years wherein further sexagesimal adjustments, for an Tigris rivers in system. additional extra month into Iraq the calendar as ordered by the King  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION (3,500 BC - 500 BC) talent in Astronomy, believed that the developed an movement of the heavenly irrigation system bodies forecasted some for their crops and terrestrial events like livestock eclipses and compiled lists of planets and stars Egyptian Civilization  EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (5,000 – 3,100 BC) they worked on metals built great geographically to produce tools, weapons, and pyramids, earthen situated in Africa's wares and pottery agricultural they north eastern part. items constructed dwellings made of reeds and air- dried mud bricks.  EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (5,000 – 3,100 BC) hieroglyphics is an papyrus plant for the Ancient Egyptians ancient form of writing to make devised a 365-day writing created by carrying & storage calendar. the Egyptians making simple use of symbols (Roseta Stone) Greek Civilization  GREEK CIVILIZATION (1100 BC) birth of scientific Archimedes, philosophy and works of wise and Pythagoras, Euclid natural laws. gifted Greeks such and Ptolemy served as Thales, Socrates, as foundation and Hippocrates, pillars of western Aristotle, civilization.  INVENTIONS OF ANCIENT GREEKS Central Heating - the Watermill - powered Alarm Clock - Plato used a water clock to Greeks invented a type by water used to grind of central heating to trigger a sound to with waterwheel and transfer hot air from specific time which toothed gear to became the start of fires capacitate the grind. how alarm clocks are to empty spaces under used. the temple's floors.  INVENTIONS OF ANCIENT GREEKS Watermill - powered Archimedes' Screw - by water used to grind invented by with waterwheel and Archimedes. this is a toothed gear to tool which provided capacitate the grind. an efficient way to move water up a hill. Roman Civilization  ROMAN CIVILIZATION (102 – 44 B.C) established a skillful in building constructed sophisticated system infrastructures of good immense permanent to circulate written integrity/built. Developed structures such as infrastructure networks news by means of the domes, and constructed roads newspaper (Acta theater, and from Rome to other places diurnal/Acta Senatus) in Italy. stadiums  THE MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES characterized by massive invasions and migrations called for the need of great most innovative minds technology in the field of came from this period to weaponry, navigation, mass control the food and farm production, and increase of trade and health. commerce among nations PASTEURIZATION People must establish better production means to meet the needs of the population, food security and food safety became an issue. With dairy products, particularly milk, the challenge to keep processed food from rotting was greater because they typically spoiled faster causing disease such as diphtheria, food poisoning and typhoid fever. Pasteurization is a method of heating dairy products to destroy harmful bacteria.  PETROLEUM REFINERY kerosene the petroleum petroleum (illuminating oil) refinery currently is brought about was invented by widely used, industry was by the scarcity Samuel M. Kier by among others, founded with of animal oil refining in powering kerosene production petroleum; at a automobiles, later time it was production factories, and used for heating (Skrabec, power plants purposes. 2010). The Printing Press invented by Johannes Gutenberg after the Chinese invented woodblock printing, a more efficient method of printing using a cast type. he used wooden machines which extracted fruit juices, attached a metal impression of letters to them, pressed the cast metal firmly into a piece of paper and then made an exact impression on paper.  The Microscope Growing immigrants have during this time triggered significant migration & urbanization. With more people heading to dirty and crowded urban areas, more people became ill - seeking medical care Experts need to understand the condition through an examination to establish the best drugs for illnesses which led to the invention of the microscope. In earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to create the first compound microscope, led by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses  The Telescope brought about by the need for nautical innovations was strong, as the Middle Ages was also regarded as the Age of Discovery. given the vast and barren oceans that divided the countries, it was important for ship captains to see far and wide for them to navigate or escape danger at sea/ view distant objects.  The Telephone The more people got acquainted through trade and discovery, the more they wanted a way to keep these links securely and communicate with each other in real time. Governments also required some form of communication system that would enable them to better administer their states  The Calculator circumstances in modern times demanded a quicker way of calculating more complex equations computing tools do need to be easy to handle, because they can be used every day. the invention of modern calculators not only paved the way for simpler arithmetical calculations, but also created more complicated processing machines Intellectual Revolutions  the emergence or birth of modern science. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science a deeply trying moment to some scientific period of enlightenment in individuals that led to their painful death or the field of mathematics, condemnation from the religious physics, astronomy, biology, institutions. (scientific beliefs were and chemistry which challenged and opposed) transformed the views of society about nature. 3 REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Ideas of Known Intellectuals Information Revolution Cradles of Early Science  NICHOLAS COPERNICUS Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun Ideas of CHARLES DARWIN theory of evolution by natural seleaction - where organisms change overtime as a result of changes in known heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring. Intellectuals SIGMUND FREUD founded psychoanalysis. described that the brain can be segmented into compartments. developed an observational method to study human's inner life mainly focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual Arts and Music  NICHOLAS COPERNICUS In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the Geocentric model where it showed that the Earth is the center of the universe. Ideas of Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the Heliocentric known Theory where planets revolve around the sun Intellectuals The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened through the contributions of different persons: Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilie, Isaac Newton  The influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion, physics, and philosophy. It changes the belief of the people about the placement of Earth.  CHARLES DARWIN his books “On the Origin of Species”(1859) presented evidence on how species evolved over time and “The Descent of Man (1871)” introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - where organisms Ideas of change overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that allow an organism to better known adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring. Intellectuals The Theory of Evolution has two main points: 1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other. 2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection  CHARLES DARWIN Natural Selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where fitness refers to the ability to survive and reproduce. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - where Ideas of organisms change overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that known allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring. Intellectuals The Theory of Evolution has two main points: 1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other. 2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection  SIGMUND FREUD founded psychoanalysis. described that the brain can be segmented into compartments. Ideas of developed an observational method to study human's inner life mainly focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man. known greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual Intellectuals Arts and Music 3 REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Ideas of Known Intellectuals Information Revolution Cradles of Early Science  ALAN TURING Alan Turing’s machine introduced the idea that thinking and being conscious could be attributed to human entities. Information Revolution  Sumerian’s cuneiform/ pictograph Information Gutenberg’s printing press Revolution The use of typewriter and telegraph  Today, these technologies are used widely which became easier with the help of the internet. 3 REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Ideas of Known Intellectuals Information Revolution Four Cradles of Early Science  Four Cradles of Early Science MESOAMERICAN - MIDDLE EAST - ASIA - CHINESE AFRICANS AZTEC, MAYAN, INCA ARABS  Aztec Civilization #1: MANDATORY #2: CHOCOLATE #3: ANTISPASMODIC EDUCATION The Aztec in Mexico MEDICATION developed chocolate The Aztecs practiced advanced The Aztec puts value on education medicine. The Passion flower is during their time. that is why their children are used as a type of antispasmodic mandated to get education The Aztec valued the medication that could prevent regardless of their social class, cacao beans highly and muscle spasms and relax gender, or age. It is an early form of made it as part of their muscles, which could help during universal or inclusive education tribute to their gods surgery  Aztec Civilization #4: CHINAMPA #5: AZTEC CALENDAR #6: MILITARY FORCE The Aztec had established a great military force. Chinampas of the Aztecs used Aztec calendar had 18 months small rectangular area of fertile and 20 days, in total of 365 War was important for their land to grow crops on the shallow days. survival lake beds. Boys became warriors when they were seventeen They believed a short, brave life was better than one of defeat They were always ready for battle  known for their works in astronomy /predicting eclipses calendar systems: useful for their life especially in planting their activities Mayan Civilization and observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations. developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.  built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica. The use of rubber is documented in Mayan Civilization the Maya ball game called tlatcthli They also used cacao beans as a currency. Built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways  Inca Civilization Mita System Quipo - Used for book Calendar with 12 months to keeping mark their religious road paved with stones festivals and prepare them It is a labor service where stone buildings that for planting season Incas build roads, bridges, surmounted earthquakes and the first suspension bridge cultivation of corn, and other disasters Inca textiles, cloth was one textile production. irrigation system and of the specialized prized technique for storing water artistic achievement  Four Cradles of Early Science MESOAMERICAN - MIDDLE EAST - ASIA - CHINESE AFRICANS AZTEC, MAYAN, INCA ARABS  The Arab applied the Roman principle to improve the watermill also known as Noria. MIDDLE EAST The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water The Middle East known for clocks, water vessels, fountains, their machine designs and automata, and water raising devices. improvement for irrigation, industrial work, and war. The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explain steam power and a blueprint of six piston pump  Four Cradles of Early Science MESOAMERICAN - MIDDLE EAST - ASIA - CHINESE AFRICANS AZTEC, MAYAN, INCA ARABS  Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced. The Great Inventions of ancient China includes the compass, gun powder, ASIA - CHINESE paper making, and printing. Other discoveries include alchemy which is a Taoist Chemistry.  Four Cradles of Early Science MESOAMERICAN - MIDDLE EAST - ASIA - CHINESE AFRICANS AZTEC, MAYAN, INCA ARABS  Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then throughout the world. AFRICA Africa is known for the They used plants with salicylic acid for pain production of kola nuts and (aspirin) and for diarrhea (kaopectate). coffee in Ethiopia. Kola nuts They are also highly advanced in medicine stimulant mostly found in the such as operating autopsies and ceasarian West Africa and is the basis of the popular cola drink The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders, desalination, and irrigation. They also masterd making steels.  Conclusion The mother of creativity and innovation is necessity. Not only are innovations made but they are inspired by various social, political, cultural and economic contexts. One of STS’s main concern as an academic field is the science and technology past, which focuses on how science and technology have evolved over time. This also examines the impacts of scientific and technological advances throughout history on the dominant social, cultural, political and economic contexts. Conversely, the circumstances that influenced science and technology are now being paid attention to. Generally, interests lie in the context history of scientific and technical advances. Activity: PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Some of the world renowned Filipino inventions: Videoke Salamander Amphibious Tricycle Salt Lamp Medical Incubator Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System Ejeepney References