Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was the principal outcome of the National Convention after the reign of terror?

  • Immediate peace with Austria and Prussia
  • Establishment of a single legislative body
  • Return of monarchy under Louis XVI
  • Formation of two legislative houses and the directory (correct)

Which event marked the beginning of Napoleon's rise to dictatorial power?

  • Execution of Robespierre
  • Reign of terror initiation
  • Coup d'etat of the directory (correct)
  • Declaration of France as a republic

What was one of the key reasons for the fall of the Napoleonic Empire?

  • Defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (correct)
  • Successful expansion into Britain and Russia
  • Lack of interest in military campaigns
  • Strong alliances with other European powers

Who played a significant role in the Reign of Terror?

<p>Robespierre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the sequence of events that led to Mexico's independence primarily influenced by?

<p>Bourbon reforms and the Enlightenment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some causes that led to the questioning of the church's authority during the Renaissance?

<p>Need for accurate observations and measurements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known as the 'Father of liberalism' and supported the social contract?

<p>John Locke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is viewed as the start of the French Revolution?

<p>Taking of the Bastille (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology focused on reason, natural law, progress, and reform during the Enlightenment?

<p>Liberalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major cause of the American Revolution?

<p>Taxation with no representation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author wrote 'Common Sense,' influencing colonists towards independence?

<p>Thomas Paine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Estates-General play before the French Revolution?

<p>Facilitated a new constitution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Enlightenment's influence on society?

<p>Increased focus on reason and secularism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main action taken by Iturbide during the First Mexican Empire?

<p>Dissolved the congress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the War Against the USA for Mexico?

<p>Mexico lost half of its territory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the first modern war?

<p>It combined ancient techniques with new technology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event signifies the end of Conservative dominance during the Second French Intervention?

<p>Maximilian's defeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was NOT a cause for the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?

<p>High levels of government intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which president initiated the Emancipation Proclamation during the American Civil War?

<p>Abraham Lincoln (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change introduced by factories during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Introduction of fixed wages and shifts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Plan de Ayutla being established?

<p>Dissatisfaction with the conservative rule of Santa Anna (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>It aimed for profit, often at the expense of working conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the ideology of Benito Juarez during the Reform Wars?

<p>Led a liberal resistance against Maximilian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a main justification for European imperialism?

<p>Desire to civilize so-called 'inferior' societies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did France invade Mexico during the Second French Intervention?

<p>Due to Mexico's debts to France (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of colonial domination allows independent countries to maintain their government while being influenced by colonizers?

<p>Protectorates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two simultaneous governments during the Reform Wars?

<p>Liberal and Conservative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the labor theory of value associated with?

<p>Value determined by the time taken to produce it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industry was NOT mentioned as one of the most important during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Steel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, natural law, and progress, fueled by the Scientific Revolution.

Absolutism

A system of government with a single ruler holding unlimited power.

American Revolution

The struggle for American independence from British rule.

Boston Tea Party

A protest where colonists threw British tea into the harbor to protest a monopoly on tea.

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Declaration of Independence

Document declaring the American colonies' independence from British rule, using Enlightenment ideas.

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French Revolution

A period of radical social and political upheaval in France, influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

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Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from the three estates of French society (clergy, nobility, and commoners).

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National Assembly

A group of representatives that formed during the French Revolution to create a new constitution

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French Revolution: Reign of Terror

A period of violence and mass executions during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre

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Napoleon's Rise

Napoleon's military success and rise to power, initially as a Republic, then dictatorial.

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French Revolution: National Convention

The revolutionary government that replaced the monarchy in France, declaring a republic.

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Mexican Independence: Sequence - Resistencia

The Mexican struggle during independence when the struggle involved guerrillas and a lack of strong leadership, as Napoleon's fall happened.

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Mexican Independence: Consumación

The final phase of Mexican independence, marked by the union of insurgent and royalist forces through the Plan of Iguala

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Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid technological advancements and economic growth in Great Britain, marked by the transition from hand production to machine production.

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Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Factors that led to the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, including agricultural advancements, abundant mineral resources, strong naval protection, and colonial resources.

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Impact of the Industrial Revolution

The effects of the Industrial Revolution on society, including population growth, urbanization, and the rise of factories, but also harsh working conditions and environmental degradation.

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Capitalism

An economic system where private individuals own and control the means of production, with the goal of making profits in a free market.

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Exploitation in Capitalism

The uneven distribution of wealth and power in capitalism, where owners profit at the expense of workers who receive low wages and endure harsh conditions.

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Karl Marx and Communism

A critique of industrial capitalism by Karl Marx, who advocated for a classless society where the means of production are owned and controlled by the people.

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Imperialism & Colonialism

The practice of one country extending its power and influence over another by economic exploitation and political control.

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Forms of Colonial Domination

Different ways in which European powers established control over colonies, including concessions, protectorates, and direct colonization.

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First Mexican Empire

A brief period in Mexican history (1822-1823) when Agustin de Iturbide, a former royalist general, crowned himself emperor after achieving independence from Spain.

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Plan de Casa Mata

A plan issued in 1823 that opposed the First Mexican Empire and advocated for a federal republic, ultimately leading to Iturbide's downfall.

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Santa Anna's Betrayal

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a prominent military figure, initially supported federalism but later switched sides, siding with the centralists and betraying the federalist cause.

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Pastry War

A conflict between France and Mexico in 1838, triggered by Mexico's failure to pay debts to French citizens, nicknamed after a Parisian pastry chef's claim of having his pastry shop robbed.

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Mexican-American War

A conflict (1846-1848) between Mexico and the United States, which resulted in Mexico losing a vast territory, including California and Texas, to the United States.

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Plan de Ayutla

A plan issued in 1854 that called for a federal republic and the removal of Santa Anna from power, triggering the beginning of the Liberal Reform movement.

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Reform Wars

A period of civil war and political turmoil in Mexico (1857-1861) between liberals who sought to enact reforms and conservatives who resisted them.

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Second French Intervention

France's second invasion of Mexico (1861-1867) after Mexico suspended payment of its debts, resulting in the establishment of a short-lived Mexican Empire under Maximilian of Habsburg.

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Study Notes

Scientific Revolution

  • World explained through Catholicism and Alchemy.
  • Theories were not precise.
  • Causes:
    • Renaissance questioning of the church
    • Need for accurate observations and measurements
    • New instruments like telescopes, microscopes, printing press.
    • Advancements in mathematics
  • Obstacles: Power of the Church and 1000 years of inaccurate information.
  • Consequences:
    • Question of man's place in the universe
    • Secularism
    • Emphasis on reason
    • Natural law
    • Scientific advances

Enlightenment

  • Philosophical movement influenced by the scientific revolution.
  • Applied scientific method to society and politics.
  • Progress for a better society through reason, natural law, progress and reform.
  • Primarily in France.
  • Key figures:
    • John Locke: Father of liberalism, Supported social contract, freedom of speech and expression, natural and individual rights
    • Montesquieu: Studied division of powers, refined the systems of checks and balances
  • Voltaire: Religious tolerance, Wrote the encyclopedia
  • Diderot: Wrote the encyclopedia, changed the general way of thinking
  • Rousseau: Created social contract
  • Wollstonecraft: Women's rights

Absolutism

  • Single ruler with unlimited power.
  • King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants
  • Justifications:
    • Religious crisis
    • Reduce wars and conflicts, need for order

American Revolution

  • Causes:
    • Taxation without representation
    • Growing colonial autonomy around the world.
    • Enlightenment ideas
    • Seven Years War
    • Boston Massacre
    • Boston Tea Party
    • Intolerable Acts

First Continental Congress

  • Delegates from colonies organized a unified response to Britain.
  • Declared rights.
  • Laid foundation for independence.
  • Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" resonated with colonists.
  • Declaration of Independence- Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin were influential figures.
  • George Washington, First president

French Revolution

  • Causes: Enlightenment ideas, Critiqued old regime, Near collapse of economy, Estates-general meeting.
  • Sequence:
    • Estates-general meeting
    • National Assembly
    • Storming of the Bastille
  • Legislative assembly limits King's power
  • France becomes a republic
  • Reign of Terror and dechristianization
  • Napoleon pushed back coalitions
  • Napoleon's coup d'état

Napoleonic Empire

  • Started as a republic, then a consulate, and became a dictatorship.
  • Civil code/Napoleonic code.
  • Principle of revolution
  • Setback in women rights, Made himself emperor.
  • Fall of the Empire: Tries to expand too much, wars with Britain and Russia, exiles to Elba.
  • Napoleon is later defeated at Waterloo and exiled again.

Mexico's Independence

  • Enlightenment ideas inspired movements
  • Inspired by other independence movements - Influence of Napoleonic reforms
  • 3 centuries of Spanish domination
  • Structure of society: Peninsulares, Criollos, Castas/Mestizos, Indigenous, and Slaves.
  • Sequence of events: Conspiracies, organization, resistance, and consummation.
  • Log of independence led by a congress.
  • First Mexican Emperor dissolves congress

Mexico's Political Experiments

  • First Federal Republic: Guadalupe Victoria as president
  • Central Republic: Santa Anna
  • First French Intervention/ Pastry War
  • War Against USA
  • Return to federal republic
  • Reform Wars, two simultaneous governments (Benito and Felix).
  • Second French Intervention

Civil War

  • Union (North), States loyal to republican and federal government.
  • Confederates (South), States separated from the Union.
  • Slavery debate, Need for the work force and it's affecting economy, Constitution protects property and slaves are considered property.

Industrial Revolution

  • Causes: Agriculture revolution, lots of mineral resources, Colonies.
  • Technology: Movement from agriculture and artisan production to manufacturing.
  • Transport revolution.
  • Important industries: cotton, coal, iron.
  • Factories- changed living ways, introduced fixed wages, fixed shifts, harsh treatment, and efficiency.
  • Impact: Population growth, urbanization, and horrible conditions.

Capitalism

  • Objective: Profit from free-market competition
  • Capitalism with Exploitation

Karl Marx & Communism

  • Labor theory of value: Value of product is time to produce
  • critique of industrial capitalism.
  • political and economic ideals
  • capital in hands of the people, Equal society

Imperialism & Colonialism

  • Colony: Economic exploitation of resources & political domination over colonized countries.
  • Causes: European Superiority, Need to expand and gain resources/power, Desire for more resources, Need for new markets for excess products.
  • Economic and Political factors.

Forms of Colonial Domination

  • Concessions, Protectorates, Colonies, and Position/Settlement/Exploitation Colonies
  • Consequences both negative and positive for colonized countries.

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Explore the significant changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. This quiz covers the transition from religious explanations to scientific reasoning, key figures, and their impacts on society and politics. Test your understanding of these foundational periods in Western thought.

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