Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was the principal outcome of the National Convention after the reign of terror?

  • Immediate peace with Austria and Prussia
  • Establishment of a single legislative body
  • Return of monarchy under Louis XVI
  • Formation of two legislative houses and the directory (correct)

    • Which event marked the beginning of Napoleon's rise to dictatorial power?

  • Execution of Robespierre
  • Reign of terror initiation
  • Coup d'etat of the directory (correct)
  • Declaration of France as a republic

    • What was one of the key reasons for the fall of the Napoleonic Empire?

  • Defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (correct)
  • Successful expansion into Britain and Russia
  • Lack of interest in military campaigns
  • Strong alliances with other European powers

    • Who played a significant role in the Reign of Terror?

    <p>Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the sequence of events that led to Mexico's independence primarily influenced by?

    <p>Bourbon reforms and the Enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some causes that led to the questioning of the church's authority during the Renaissance?

    <p>Need for accurate observations and measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is known as the 'Father of liberalism' and supported the social contract?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is viewed as the start of the French Revolution?

    <p>Taking of the Bastille</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideology focused on reason, natural law, progress, and reform during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major cause of the American Revolution?

    <p>Taxation with no representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which author wrote 'Common Sense,' influencing colonists towards independence?

    <p>Thomas Paine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Estates-General play before the French Revolution?

    <p>Facilitated a new constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Enlightenment's influence on society?

    <p>Increased focus on reason and secularism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main action taken by Iturbide during the First Mexican Empire?

    <p>Dissolved the congress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the War Against the USA for Mexico?

    <p>Mexico lost half of its territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the first modern war?

    <p>It combined ancient techniques with new technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event signifies the end of Conservative dominance during the Second French Intervention?

    <p>Maximilian's defeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor was NOT a cause for the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?

    <p>High levels of government intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which president initiated the Emancipation Proclamation during the American Civil War?

    <p>Abraham Lincoln</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change introduced by factories during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Introduction of fixed wages and shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the Plan de Ayutla being established?

    <p>Dissatisfaction with the conservative rule of Santa Anna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>It aimed for profit, often at the expense of working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the ideology of Benito Juarez during the Reform Wars?

    <p>Led a liberal resistance against Maximilian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a main justification for European imperialism?

    <p>Desire to civilize so-called 'inferior' societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did France invade Mexico during the Second French Intervention?

    <p>Due to Mexico's debts to France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of colonial domination allows independent countries to maintain their government while being influenced by colonizers?

    <p>Protectorates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two simultaneous governments during the Reform Wars?

    <p>Liberal and Conservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the labor theory of value associated with?

    <p>Value determined by the time taken to produce it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which industry was NOT mentioned as one of the most important during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scientific Revolution

    • World explained through Catholicism and Alchemy.
    • Theories were not precise.
    • Causes:
      • Renaissance questioning of the church
      • Need for accurate observations and measurements
      • New instruments like telescopes, microscopes, printing press.
      • Advancements in mathematics
    • Obstacles: Power of the Church and 1000 years of inaccurate information.
    • Consequences:
      • Question of man's place in the universe
      • Secularism
      • Emphasis on reason
      • Natural law
      • Scientific advances

    Enlightenment

    • Philosophical movement influenced by the scientific revolution.
    • Applied scientific method to society and politics.
    • Progress for a better society through reason, natural law, progress and reform.
    • Primarily in France.
    • Key figures:
      • John Locke: Father of liberalism, Supported social contract, freedom of speech and expression, natural and individual rights
      • Montesquieu: Studied division of powers, refined the systems of checks and balances
    • Voltaire: Religious tolerance, Wrote the encyclopedia
    • Diderot: Wrote the encyclopedia, changed the general way of thinking
    • Rousseau: Created social contract
    • Wollstonecraft: Women's rights

    Absolutism

    • Single ruler with unlimited power.
    • King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants
    • Justifications:
      • Religious crisis
      • Reduce wars and conflicts, need for order

    American Revolution

    • Causes:
      • Taxation without representation
      • Growing colonial autonomy around the world.
      • Enlightenment ideas
      • Seven Years War
      • Boston Massacre
      • Boston Tea Party
      • Intolerable Acts

    First Continental Congress

    • Delegates from colonies organized a unified response to Britain.
    • Declared rights.
    • Laid foundation for independence.
    • Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" resonated with colonists.
    • Declaration of Independence- Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin were influential figures.
    • George Washington, First president

    French Revolution

    • Causes: Enlightenment ideas, Critiqued old regime, Near collapse of economy, Estates-general meeting.
    • Sequence:
      • Estates-general meeting
      • National Assembly
      • Storming of the Bastille
    • Legislative assembly limits King's power
    • France becomes a republic
    • Reign of Terror and dechristianization
    • Napoleon pushed back coalitions
    • Napoleon's coup d'état

    Napoleonic Empire

    • Started as a republic, then a consulate, and became a dictatorship.
    • Civil code/Napoleonic code.
    • Principle of revolution
    • Setback in women rights, Made himself emperor.
    • Fall of the Empire: Tries to expand too much, wars with Britain and Russia, exiles to Elba.
    • Napoleon is later defeated at Waterloo and exiled again.

    Mexico's Independence

    • Enlightenment ideas inspired movements
    • Inspired by other independence movements - Influence of Napoleonic reforms
    • 3 centuries of Spanish domination
    • Structure of society: Peninsulares, Criollos, Castas/Mestizos, Indigenous, and Slaves.
    • Sequence of events: Conspiracies, organization, resistance, and consummation.
    • Log of independence led by a congress.
    • First Mexican Emperor dissolves congress

    Mexico's Political Experiments

    • First Federal Republic: Guadalupe Victoria as president
    • Central Republic: Santa Anna
    • First French Intervention/ Pastry War
    • War Against USA
    • Return to federal republic
    • Reform Wars, two simultaneous governments (Benito and Felix).
    • Second French Intervention

    Civil War

    • Union (North), States loyal to republican and federal government.
    • Confederates (South), States separated from the Union.
    • Slavery debate, Need for the work force and it's affecting economy, Constitution protects property and slaves are considered property.

    Industrial Revolution

    • Causes: Agriculture revolution, lots of mineral resources, Colonies.
    • Technology: Movement from agriculture and artisan production to manufacturing.
    • Transport revolution.
    • Important industries: cotton, coal, iron.
    • Factories- changed living ways, introduced fixed wages, fixed shifts, harsh treatment, and efficiency.
    • Impact: Population growth, urbanization, and horrible conditions.

    Capitalism

    • Objective: Profit from free-market competition
    • Capitalism with Exploitation

    Karl Marx & Communism

    • Labor theory of value: Value of product is time to produce
    • critique of industrial capitalism.
    • political and economic ideals
    • capital in hands of the people, Equal society

    Imperialism & Colonialism

    • Colony: Economic exploitation of resources & political domination over colonized countries.
    • Causes: European Superiority, Need to expand and gain resources/power, Desire for more resources, Need for new markets for excess products.
    • Economic and Political factors.

    Forms of Colonial Domination

    • Concessions, Protectorates, Colonies, and Position/Settlement/Exploitation Colonies
    • Consequences both negative and positive for colonized countries.

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    Description

    Explore the significant changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. This quiz covers the transition from religious explanations to scientific reasoning, key figures, and their impacts on society and politics. Test your understanding of these foundational periods in Western thought.

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