Repaso Historia PDF

**Before:** World was explained through catholicism. Alchemy. Theoricas & not precise studies. Causes: - Renaissance. - Question church. - Need for accurate observations & measurements. - New instruments(telescope, microscope, printing press, etc.) - Math. Obstacles: Power of ch...

**Before:** World was explained through catholicism. Alchemy. Theoricas & not precise studies. Causes: - Renaissance. - Question church. - Need for accurate observations & measurements. - New instruments(telescope, microscope, printing press, etc.) - Math. Obstacles: Power of church & 1000 years of false info. Consequences: - Question man's place - Secularism - Emphasis in reason - Natural law - Scientific avances - Enlightenment [Enlightenment] Philosophical movement influenced by *scientific revolution.* - Applied scientific method to society & politics. - Progress for a better society. - Reason, Natural law, progress & reform. - Mainly in France John locke - Father of liberalism - supported social contract - freedom of speech & expression - Natural & individual rights Montesquieu - Studied division of powers - refined that system Voltaire - Religious tolerance Diderot - Wrote the encyclopedia - Change the general way of thinking Rousseau - Created social contract Wollstonecraft - Women's rights Absolutism Single governor with unlimited power & total control 1. King 2. Nobles 3. Knights 4. Peasents Justifications - Religious crisis - reduce wars & conflicts - need for order American Revolution Struggle for american independence Causes - Taxation with no representation - Growing colonial autonomy around the world - enlightenment ideas - Seven years war Boston Massacre Protest turned violent and tensions rise Boston tea party Monopoly of tea sales for Britain, colonists board ships and throw tea off board, this caused the intolerable acts. First Continental Congress Delegates from colonies organize unified response to Britain. -Declared rights \- laid foundation & paved the way Thomas Paine's "Common sense" Resonated with colonists & paved way for independence Declaration of independence Thomas Jefferson Followed enlightenment ideas Supported by france George Washington=First president Benjamin Franklin= Influential person French Revolution\*\*\*\*\* Causes - Enlightenment Ideas - Critiqued old regime - Near collapse of economy - Estates-general meeting - National assembly= new constitution **Sequence:** 1. Estates general meeting= unfair for 3^rd^ estate 2. 3^rd^ estate makes the national assembly and a new constitution 3. National assembly take the Bastille( Seen as the start of the revolution) 4. Legislative assembly limits the king´s power 5. Assembly declares war on Austria and Prussia & exiles realists 6. Convert to national convention that declares France a republic 7. Commune takes more radical measures 8. Big Coalition 9. Reign of terror & dechristianization 10. Napoleon pushed back Coalition 11. End of reign of terror(Robespierre executed) 12. National convention makes new constitution= two legislative houses & the directory 13. Directory was corrupt and napoleon coup d'etat Characters: Louis XVI: King Robespierre: General, in charge of the reign of terror. Napoleon Bonaparte: Popular general that planned a coup d'etat(known as the end of the revolution) Napoleonic Empire\*\*\* Started as a "Republic" or "consulate" and gradually became Dictatorial. Civil code/napoleonic code - Principle of revolution - Setback in women rights Made himself emperor Fall of the Empire -Napoleón tried to expand too much and started to lose wars( with Britain & Russia) -Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, then returned, was defeated in Waterloo, and then exiled again to st helena where he died. Mexico's Independence - Enlightenment Ideas - Inspired from other independences - Borbonic reforms - Napoleon's taking of spain Colony - 3 centuries of spanish domination - Viceroyalty Structure: 1. Peninsulares 2. Criollos 3. Castas/Mestizos 4. Indigenous people 5. Slaves Sequence: 1. Iniciación: Conspiraciones, Miguel hidalgo 2. Organización: Morelos, congreso de Chilpancingo y constitución de Apatzingán. 3. Resistencia:Guerrillas, Napoleon derrotado, Falta de líderes. 4. Consumación: Iturbide traiciona a la corona, unión de realistas e insurgentes, Plan de iguala, Ejército trigarante, Tratado de Córdoba. Logra independencia gobernada por un congreso Primer Imperio Mexicano Iturbide = Primer Emperador dissolves congress Plan de Casa Mata: Doesn't recognize iturbide Mexico's political experiments First federal republic Guadalupe victoria as president Central Republic - Santa Anna betrays federalists - Conservatism & Centralist - Santa Anna rules several times 1st French Intervention Pastry's war Causes: -Mexico\'s debts to France War Against USA Objective: Territorial Expansion of USA Mexico loses half of territory Return to federal republic Plan de ayutla: Doesn't recognize Santa Anna **[Presidents:]** Juan Alvarez(Radical liberal), \>Comonfort(moderate liberal), \>Benito Juarez Plan de tacubaya: Conservatives don\'t recognise Comonfort Reform Wars\*\*\* Two simultaneous Governments: Benito:Liberal Felix zuloalgo:Conservative Conservatives start to win, Benito flees 2nd French Intervention **[Cause:]** Juarez stops payment of debts France invades Mexico(1st try failed, May 5th) Juarez Abandons Capital France and conservatives organize a monarchy with Maximilian of Habsburg Two simultaneous Governments: Republic: Resistance with Juarez Empire: Maximilian - Maximilian, although supported by conservatives, applies liberal laws. - USA sends resources to Juarez and France leaves Mexico. - Republicans win battles, Maximilian defeated. Restored Republic **[Presidents:]** Benito Juarez\> Lerdo de Tejada\> Porfirio Diaz - Juarez starts to become fraudulent, so Diaz takes arms, - Juarez dies leaving Tejada as president. Civil War Union:(North) States loyal to republican and federal government Urbanized & industrial Against Slavery Confederates:(South) States separated from union Agricultural Supported slavery Debates justifying slavery: - Need for work force - its abolition would affect economy - Constitution protected private property(slaves were property) Abraham Lincoln President His presidency cause the south states to separate Didn't recognize the confederacy as independent Launches Emancipation proclamation \>Tried to weaken Confederates Why was this war deadly? - it was the first modern war - it used ancient techniques with new technology Industrial Revolution It was in Great Britain Causes - Agriculture revolution - Lots of mineral resources - Britain was very protected - Colonie's resources Technology - From agriculture & artisan to manufacturing - More & cheaper products - Transport revolution Most important industries: - Cotton - Coal - Iron Factories: Changed way of living **Introduced:** - Fixed wages & shifts - harsh treatment - savings, hard work & discipline Impact: Population growth but less mortality more food Urbanization( leave rural areas) Horrible conditions in cities(Overcrowding, pollution, no sewer) Controversies - No regulation for industries - no government intervention - skills became useless= need for work - [Combination act]= illegal for workers to protest Aimed to study living conditions and tried to make them better. Capitalism Objt: Make Profit Free market so more competition Capitalism with Exploitation Economic inequalities= owner \$\$\$\$\$ --worker\$ Maximize profit at the cost of worst working conditions Karl Maxx & Communism **Labors theory of value:** Value of product= time it takes to produce Critique of industrial capitalism Political and economic ideals Capital in hands of people objt: Equal society **Imperialism & Colonialism** **\*\*Colony:** Economic exploitation of resources & political domination over colonized countries. During the 2^nd^ industrial revolution **Causes:** -European Superiority -They couldn't expand in Europe, so they went to Africa and asia -Desire for more resources and power **Economic Factors:** **-**need for new markets to sell excess products -acquire primary resources **Political Factors:** -Stable European borders -Europeans competed for regions with economic and strategic importance. **Justifications:** -Europeans thought that they had the task to civilize "Barbaric or inferior" societies. **Forms of colonial domination:** **Concessions:** Independent countries with only European "areas of influence" usually to practice commerce **Protectorates:** Preserve their own government, but colonizer places a "parallel government that controlled some aspects of the country. **Colonies:** Conquered territories that are forced to subject to the colonizers sovereignty. **\>Position Colonies:** Control strategic territory **\>Settlement Colonies:** **\>Exploitation Colonies:** Exploit labor to obtain resources **Consequences:** **"Good":** Introduction of European advances -Infrastructure -hygiene reforms "Bad": -Mashup of local and capital culture -Acculturation -Christian eurocentrism -Promotion of plantations(Cotton, coffee etc) -Cheap labor -Introduce monetary economy -Local crafts lose value -Repressive government -Instability