Science Chapter: Matter and Earth's Structure

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Questions and Answers

The basic units of matter, the smallest units that maintain the chemical properties of an element, are called

Compounds

Atoms (correct)

Lipids

Molecules

Which layer of Earth is made of solid metal?

Lower mantle

Inner core (correct)

Upper mantle

Outer core

The law of conservation matter states that ________.

Matter cannot be created or destroyed (correct)

Matter can be created but not destroyed

Matter is a nonrenewable resource

Matter can be destroyed but not created

Because of their large size, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are together called

Macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plate boundary is where the plates collide?

Convergent Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are an example of a _________________________

protein Signup and view all the answers

All material in the universe that has mass and occupies space is called

Matter Signup and view all the answers

Sugars are an example of a ________________________

carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

The central core of every atom, containing particles called protons and neutrons, is called a(n)

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are compounds except ________.

Oxygen gas Signup and view all the answers

Plastics are ________.

Moldable, petroleum-based hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

Many organisms that undergo chemosynthesis use instead of to fuel the processes that convert carbon dioxide into sugars.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S); sunlight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes mass wasting?

Downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity Signup and view all the answers

River water stored behind a dam is best described as a form of ________.

Potential energy Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration ________.

Releases carbon dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

Undersea earthquakes and volcanic eruptions may produce ________.

Tsunamis Signup and view all the answers

Earthquakes result from ________.

Energy released from movement at plate boundaries and faults Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of rock formed when magma or lava cools?

Igneous Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the rock cycle is true?

Weathering and erosion can cause all three rock types to become sediments. Signup and view all the answers

The force driving plate tectonics is ________.

Heat in the inner layers of Earth Signup and view all the answers

________ rock has undergone heat or pressure, causing it to change form.

Metamorphic Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter and Its Properties

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that maintains the chemical properties of an element.
Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Compounds are formed when two or more different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
Molecules two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds
Macromolecules are large molecules that are assembled from smaller subunits:
- Proteins are made up of amino acids.
- Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.
- Carbohydrates are made up of sugars.
- Lipids are made up of fatty acids.

Earth's Structure and Processes

Earth can be divided into three layers:
- Crust: Earth's outer layer, composed of solid rock.
- Mantle: middle layer, composed of hot, dense rock that can flow slowly over time.
- Core: Innermost layer. The inner core is solid and made of iron and nickel. The outer core is molten and made of iron and nickel, as well.
Plate Tectonics Earth's outer layer is broken into plates that move slowly.
Plate Boundaries are where the plates interact
- Divergent boundaries occur when plates move apart (e.g., mid-ocean ridges).
- Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide (e.g., subduction zones).
- Transform boundaries occur when plates slide past each other horizontally (e.g., San Andreas Fault).

The Rock Cycle

Igneous Rocks: formed from cooled and solidified magma or lava.
Sedimentary Rocks formed from the accumulation of sediment, lithification, and cementation of material.
Metamorphic Rocks formed when existing igneous or sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure.

Energy

Kinetic energy: The energy of motion.
Potential energy: Stored energy.
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules.
Entropy is related to the amount of disorder in a system, which tends to increase over time (Second Law of Thermodynamics).

Earth's Processes

Weathering: The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks, soils, and minerals at Earth's surface.
Erosion: The movement of weathered material from one location to another by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
Mass Wasting: The downslope movement of rock, soil, and debris due to gravity.
Volcanoes: Occur at boundaries of tectonic plates. Can produce lava flows, ash, and gases.
Earthquakes caused by movement along faults.

Key Concepts

Conservation of Matter: Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Chemosynthesis: Process used by some organisms to produce energy from chemical reactions, instead of sunlight.
Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells break down sugars to release energy.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of matter, including atoms, elements, compounds, and macromolecules. It also delves into the Earth's structure and its three main layers: the crust, mantle, and core. Test your understanding of these essential scientific principles!