Water: Essential for Life and Its Phases
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of Earth's surface is currently covered in water?

  • 71% (correct)
  • 81%
  • 61%
  • 91%

Which phase of water is the least abundant on Earth?

  • Liquid
  • Solid
  • Freshwater (correct)
  • Gas

What is the primary location of Earth's freshwater resources?

  • In rivers and lakes
  • In soil moisture
  • In the atmosphere
  • In groundwater (correct)

What percentage of water in most adult bodies is made up of water?

<p>55-60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ in the human body contains the highest percentage of water?

<p>Lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of water as a molecule?

<p>H2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used for making non-drinkable water usable?

<p>Evaporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of Earth's freshwater is found in glaciers and ice caps?

<p>68% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dipole-dipole attraction?

<p>It requires alignment of partially positive and negative charges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines hydrogen bonding?

<p>It is a strong attraction among molecules with hydrogen bound to very electronegative atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do electronegative atoms play in molecular interactions?

<p>They create permanent dipoles by attracting electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenarios do strong hydrogen bonds primarily form?

<p>When hydrogen is combined with highly electronegative oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase states can water naturally occur in on Earth?

<p>As a solid, liquid, and gas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effects of hydrogen bonding on water's behavior?

<p>It contributes to water's high surface tension and boiling point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What minimizes repulsion between molecules during hydrogen bonding?

<p>Positioning of partially charged ends of molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of molecules that exhibit dipole-dipole attractions?

<p>They are polar and possess partial charges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canada's surface area is covered by lakes and rivers?

<p>12% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the bonding within a water molecule?

<p>Covalent bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the global fresh surface water is contained in the Great Lakes?

<p>18% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of Canadians rely on groundwater for drinking water?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding occurs between atoms within a water molecule?

<p>Covalent bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the interactions between multiple water molecules?

<p>Intermolecular forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of interaction that keeps water molecules together?

<p>Hydrogen bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'phase changes' refer to in the context of water?

<p>Transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remains intact when water changes its physical state?

<p>The individual water molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of water molecules?

<p>Water molecules are polar, with the oxygen being electron-rich. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of intermolecular forces affect physical state changes in water?

<p>They do not change the structure of water molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule?

<p>It is partially negative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dipole' refer to in the context of water?

<p>The unequal distribution of electron density within the molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dipole-dipole attraction, what interactions are maximized?

<p>Attractive positive-negative interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of water's molecular structure contributes to its polarity?

<p>The unequal sharing of electrons in covalent bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the representation for a partially positive charge in water molecules?

<p>δ+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water's Importance

Water is essential for all life on Earth, comprises 71% of Earth's surface, and exists in various forms like rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and the atmosphere.

Water's States

Water exists as a solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor) naturally on Earth.

Molecule

A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together.

Freshwater

Water with less than 1000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids, primarily salt.

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Groundwater

Water beneath the Earth's surface, in soil and rock pores.

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Surface Water

Water located on the Earth's surface, in streams, rivers, lakes, etc.

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Physical States

The forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. For example, ice, water, water vapor.

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Water's Percentage in Humans

The human body is composed of 55-60% water, with variations depending on age and body composition.

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons.

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Intramolecular Bonding

The bonding between atoms within a molecule.

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Intermolecular Forces

Weak interactions that occur between molecules.

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Hydrogen Bonding

A type of intermolecular force that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom like oxygen.

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What is the percentage of surface area covered by Canadian lakes and rivers?

12%

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What percentage of global fresh surface water do the Great Lakes contain?

18%

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What changes in water's state?

When water changes state (e.g., solid to liquid), the intermolecular forces between water molecules change. The molecules themselves remain intact and their composition (H2O) does not change.

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Why is water polar?

Water is a polar molecule because the oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the hydrogens.

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What does 'δ-' mean?

The symbol 'δ-' represents a partial negative charge on an atom. It indicates that the atom has a slightly higher electron density than its neutral state.

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What is a dipole?

A dipole is a molecule with two poles, one with a partial positive charge and the other with a partial negative charge.

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Dipole-Dipole Attraction

Dipole-dipole attraction is a type of intermolecular force that occurs between two polar molecules, where the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of another.

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What is 'PARTIALLY POSITIVE'?

An atom is 'PARTIALLY POSITIVE' when it has a slight positive charge due to electrons being pulled away by a more electronegative atom.

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What is 'PARTIALLY NEGATIVE'?

An atom is 'PARTIALLY NEGATIVE' when it has a slight negative charge due to attracting electrons more strongly in a covalent bond.

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Why are electrons important for polarity?

Electrons have a negative charge. The way electrons are distributed in a molecule determines its polarity. Oxygen's strong pull on electrons in water makes it polar.

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Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when forming a chemical bond.

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What makes hydrogen bonding strong?

Hydrogen bonding is strong because the hydrogen atom is very small and has a partial positive charge, making it particularly attracted to the partially negative charge of the electronegative atom in another molecule.

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How does hydrogen bonding affect water?

Hydrogen bonding significantly influences water's properties, including high boiling point, high surface tension, and its ability to act as a solvent.

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Why is water unique?

Water is the only molecule on Earth that naturally exists in all three physical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

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What are the three phases of water?

The three physical states of water are solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

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What is the importance of hydrogen bonding to water's unique properties?

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for many of water's unique properties, including its high boiling point, high surface tension, and its ability to act as a solvent.

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Study Notes

Water: Background

  • Water is essential for all life on Earth
  • 71% of Earth's surface is covered by water
  • Oceans hold 96.5% of Earth's water
  • Remaining water exists as: freshwater in rivers and lakes, frozen water in glaciers and ice caps, soil moisture, groundwater aquifers, and water vapor in the atmosphere

Water: Background (Phases)

  • Water occurs naturally as a solid, liquid, or gas (three phases/physical states)
  • Currently, water exists as a solid (ice, snow), liquid (rain, surface water, groundwater), and gas (water vapor, humidity)
  • Surface water is found on top of land (e.g., streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands)
  • Groundwater is located beneath Earth's surface, in rock and soil pore spaces and fractures
  • Seawater is water from a sea or ocean

Water: Background (Definitions)

  • A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together.
  • Water (Hâ‚‚O) is a molecule composed of three atoms bonded together.
  • Water exists in three physical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
  • Aqueous solutions are dissolved in water.

Water: Some Numbers

  • Humans are primarily composed of water

  • Newborn babies are about 78% water

  • One-year-old infants are about 65% water

  • Adults are 55-60% water (fat contains less water than muscle)

  • Water percentage in organs:

    • Lungs: 83%
    • Kidneys: 79%
    • Brain: 73%
    • Heart: 73%

  • Water percentage in the body decreases with age

Water: Some Numbers (Geology)

  • Freshwater: less than 1,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids (mostly salt)
  • Less than 3% of Earth's water is freshwater
  • Freshwater sources:
    • Glaciers/ice caps: >68%
    • Groundwater: ~30%
    • Surface water: ~0.3%
  • Most accessible drinking water comes from 0.3% of 3% of Earth's water

Water: Some Numbers (Canada)

  • Canada has abundant freshwater resources
  • About 20% of the world's surface water is in Canada
  • Canada's lakes and rivers cover 12% of the surface area
  • Canada has more "lake area" than any other country
  • The Great Lakes contain 18% of global fresh surface water
  • 25% of Canadians depend on groundwater for drinking water

Water: Essential Concepts

  • Intermolecular Forces (Hydrogen Bonding)*

  • Intermolecular forces are important interactions between molecules.

  • Hydrogen bonding is a type of intermolecular force that is stronger than other dipole-dipole interactions.

  • Hydrogen bonds occur when hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine).

Water: Phase Changes

  • Three phases of water: solid, liquid, and gas
  • Phase changes occur between these states, like melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.
  • When a substance changes state, the molecules remain intact, but the intermolecular forces change, not the molecules themselves.

Water: Phase Changes (Density)

  • Ice is less dense than liquid water

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Related Documents

Laboratory Notes: Water - Part 1 PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental importance of water for life on Earth, its distribution across the planet, and its various phases as solid, liquid, and gas. Understand the different forms of water found in nature, including surface water, groundwater, and seawater. This quiz covers the essential definitions and characteristics of water.

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