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Questions and Answers
Which gas is highly soluble in body fluids according to Henry's Law?
Which gas is highly soluble in body fluids according to Henry's Law?
Intrapulmonary pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure during inhalation.
Intrapulmonary pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure during inhalation.
False
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens.
The relationship that determines airflow direction is between __________ and intrapulmonary pressure.
The relationship that determines airflow direction is between __________ and intrapulmonary pressure.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is one of the functions of the respiratory system?
What is one of the functions of the respiratory system?
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The primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system is the trachea.
The primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system is the trachea.
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What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?
What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?
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The respiratory mucosa consists of a mucous membrane of epithelium and supporting ______.
The respiratory mucosa consists of a mucous membrane of epithelium and supporting ______.
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Match the following respiratory tract sections with their corresponding functions:
Match the following respiratory tract sections with their corresponding functions:
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Which type of epithelium is present in the small bronchioles?
Which type of epithelium is present in the small bronchioles?
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Smoking has no effect on the respiratory epithelium.
Smoking has no effect on the respiratory epithelium.
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What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?
What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?
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What is the average diameter of an adult alveolus?
What is the average diameter of an adult alveolus?
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Pneumocytes type II cells produce surfactant that prevents lung collapse.
Pneumocytes type II cells produce surfactant that prevents lung collapse.
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What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?
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The average distance between alveolar air and blood is about _____ µm.
The average distance between alveolar air and blood is about _____ µm.
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Match the following muscle functions with their descriptions:
Match the following muscle functions with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements about atmospheric pressure is correct?
Which of the following statements about atmospheric pressure is correct?
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The contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle decreases the _____ pressure in the thoracic cavity.
The contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle decreases the _____ pressure in the thoracic cavity.
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Name the two surfaces of the diaphragm.
Name the two surfaces of the diaphragm.
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At which vertebra does the bifurcation of the trachea occur?
At which vertebra does the bifurcation of the trachea occur?
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The left primary bronchus has a larger diameter than the right primary bronchus.
The left primary bronchus has a larger diameter than the right primary bronchus.
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What is the internal ridge that separates the right and left primary bronchi called?
What is the internal ridge that separates the right and left primary bronchi called?
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The right lung has _____ lobes, while the left lung has _____ lobes.
The right lung has _____ lobes, while the left lung has _____ lobes.
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Match the following parts of the lungs with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the lungs with their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the serous fluid in the pleural membrane?
What is the primary function of the serous fluid in the pleural membrane?
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Each alveolus is wrapped in a dense layer of muscle tissue.
Each alveolus is wrapped in a dense layer of muscle tissue.
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How many alveoli are typically found in a pair of human lungs?
How many alveoli are typically found in a pair of human lungs?
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What happens to the intra-pulmonary pressure during quiet exhalation?
What happens to the intra-pulmonary pressure during quiet exhalation?
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Forced exhalation results in a larger decrease in lung volume compared to quiet exhalation.
Forced exhalation results in a larger decrease in lung volume compared to quiet exhalation.
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What is the percentage of oxygen transported in plasma?
What is the percentage of oxygen transported in plasma?
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Hemoglobin changes shape due to variations in ______, pH, temperature, and metabolic activity.
Hemoglobin changes shape due to variations in ______, pH, temperature, and metabolic activity.
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Match the following factors with their effect on hemoglobin saturation:
Match the following factors with their effect on hemoglobin saturation:
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What happens when temperature increases in relation to hemoglobin saturation?
What happens when temperature increases in relation to hemoglobin saturation?
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Name one of the accessory muscles involved in forced inhalation.
Name one of the accessory muscles involved in forced inhalation.
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In quiet breathing, exhalation is an active process requiring muscle contraction.
In quiet breathing, exhalation is an active process requiring muscle contraction.
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What structures divide the nasal cavity into left and right portions?
What structures divide the nasal cavity into left and right portions?
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The nasal conchae are responsible for creating turbulence in incoming air.
The nasal conchae are responsible for creating turbulence in incoming air.
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What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?
What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?
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The primary function of the ______ muscle is to constrict the trachea during coughing.
The primary function of the ______ muscle is to constrict the trachea during coughing.
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Match the following parts of the pharynx with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the pharynx with their descriptions:
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Which bone is NOT part of the hard palate?
Which bone is NOT part of the hard palate?
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The paranasal sinuses are lined with simple squamous epithelium.
The paranasal sinuses are lined with simple squamous epithelium.
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Name the three large, unpaired cartilages of the larynx.
Name the three large, unpaired cartilages of the larynx.
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The ______ duct delivers tears to the nasal cavity.
The ______ duct delivers tears to the nasal cavity.
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What is the function of the olfactory region in the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the olfactory region in the nasal cavity?
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The hard palate extends posteriorly to form the soft palate.
The hard palate extends posteriorly to form the soft palate.
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What is the diameter of the trachea?
What is the diameter of the trachea?
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Air passes through the ______, which is located between adjacent conchae.
Air passes through the ______, which is located between adjacent conchae.
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What anatomical structure protects the glottis during swallowing?
What anatomical structure protects the glottis during swallowing?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Functions
- Surface area for gaseous exchange
- Moving air between gas exchange surfaces and environment
- Sound production
- Facilitates detection of olfactory stimuli
Subdivisions of the Respiratory System
- Upper: Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, Pharynx
- Lower: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Respiratory Mucosa of Upper Tract, Trachea & Bronchi
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Scattered goblet cells
- Underlying connective tissue lamina propria
- Mucous cells - secrete mucous
- Serous cells - secrete watery fluid with digestive enzymes (e.g., lysozyme)
- Collectively produce a quart per day
Functions of Respiratory Mucosa
- Cleans inhaled air: Mucus traps particles, cilia moves mucus.
- Humidifies inhaled air: Water evaporates from mucus, moistens air.
- Warms inhaled air: Blood in vessels of lamina propria.
Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Epithelium
- Normal Bronchial Epithelium
- Smoker's Epithelium
- Carcinoma
Respiratory Mucosa of Small Bronchioles
- Simple cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia
- Lamina propria underlies the epithelium
- Function: Mucus traps particles, cilia moves mucus toward the pharynx
Respiratory Mucosa - Alveoli
- Simple squamous epithelial cells
- Function: Gaseous exchange
Upper Respiratory Tract (Nose - Pharynx)
- Frontal sinus
- Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid sinus
- Posterior nasal aperture
- Nasopharynx
- Pharyngeal tonsil
- Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
- Uvula
- Oropharynx
- Palatine tonsil
- Fauces
- Lingual tonsil
- Laryngopharynx
- Esophagus
- Nasal cavity
- Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
- Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior)
- Nasal vestibule
- Nostril
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Tongue
- Hyoid bone
- Larynx
- Epiglottis
- Vestibular fold
- Thyroid cartilage
- Vocal fold
- Cricoid cartilage
The Nose
- Primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system
- Air enters through paired external nares (nostrils)
The Nasal Vestibule
- Space within the flexible tissues of the nose
- Contains coarse hairs extending across external nares
- Trap large airborne particles (sand, sawdust, insects)
Nasal Septum
- Divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions
- Formed by hyaline cartilage (anterior)
- Fusion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone
Bones of the Nasal Cavity
- Lateral and superior walls: Maxillary, Nasal, Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid bones
- Hard palate (floor of nasal cavity): Portions of maxillary and palatine bones
The Soft Palate
- Extends posteriorly from the hard palate
- Marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity
- Areas lined by olfactory epithelium
- Receptors in the olfactory epithelium provide the sense of smell
- Includes: Inferior surface of the cribriform plate, Superior portion of the nasal septum, Superior nasal conchae
Nasal Conchae (Turbinates)
- Bony projections extending toward the nasal septum from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
The Trachea
- 12.5 cm long; 2.5 cm diameter
- Anterior to esophagus
- Begins at vertebra C6 and ends in the mediastinum at vertebra T5 where it branches to form the left and right primary bronchi
- Lined by 15-20 C-shaped cartilage rings
- An elastic ligament & the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) connect the ends of the cartilage rings
Relations of The Trachea
- Posteriorly: the esophagus
- Laterally: Neck (common carotid arteries, right and left lobes of the thyroid gland, inferior thyroid arteries, & the recurrent nerves)
Trachea (Detailed)
- Lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
- "C"-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
- Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
Bifurcation of Trachea
- Bifurcation occurs at vertebra T5, forming the left and right primary bronchi
- Carina of trachea
The Primary Bronchi
- Separated by carina
- Supported by C-shaped cartilage rings
- Right primary bronchus has a larger diameter and enters at a steeper gradient than the left
- Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi
The Bronchi & Lungs
- Each bronchus travels to the hilum along the medial surface of the lung
- The hilum provides access to pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
- All are anchored in a mesh of connective tissue called the root of the lung
The Lungs
- Right lung (3 lobes)
- Left lung (2 lobes)
Pleural Membrane
- Each lung is surrounded by a serous membrane called the pleural membrane, which consists of an internal visceral pleura and an external parietal pleura
- The visceral pleura lines the outer layer of the lungs, and the parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity.
- The serous fluid (pleural fluid) holds the visceral and parietal pleura together, reducing friction during breathing.
Bronchioles
- Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles
- Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
Alveoli
- Basic unit of gaseous exchange
- Ends of the respiratory tree or alveolar ducts
- Wrapped in a fine network of capillaries covering about 70% of its area.
- ~700 Million alveoli in a typical pair of human lungs
- Average adult alveolus diameter = 200 micrometres
Alveolar Epithelium
- Pneumocytes type I: simple squamous cells facilitating gaseous exchange
- Alveolar macrophages ("dust cells"): phagocytic cells engulfing particles
- Pneumocytes type II: produce surfactant reducing surface tension and preventing lung collapse
Respiratory Membrane
- Alveolar epithelium, fused basal laminae, and capillary endothelium
- Average distance between alveolar air and blood = 0.5 µm
Diffusion Through Respiratory Membrane
- Driving force for gas exchange = difference in partial pressure between gases.
- Partial pressures are independent.
The Diaphragmatic Muscle
- Dome-shaped skeletal muscle separating the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities
- Origin: Lower 6 costal cartilages, xiphoid process, L1-L5 vertebrae
- Insertion: Central tendon of the diaphragm
- Surfaces: Thoracic (pericardium, pleura) and abdominal (liver, stomach, spleen).
- Contraction increases thoracic cavity volume, decreasing pressure and allowing air to enter lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
- Physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract
- Factors: Atmospheric pressure, Boyle's Law, Henry's Law, and air pressure gradients.
Factor 1 (Atmospheric Pressure)
- Pressure exerted on all objects on Earth's surface
- 760 mmHg at sea level.
- Decreases with increasing altitude due to fewer air molecules.
- Dalton's Law: The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture (e.g., P N2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2).
Factor 2 (Boyle's Law)
- Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its Volume.
- Decreasing volume increases collisions, increasing pressure. Lung volume changes during breathing.
Factor 3 (Henry's Law)
- Amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to its partial pressure outside the solution. CO2 is highly soluble, O2 less so, and N2 very little.
Factor 4 (Air Pressure Gradients)
- Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.
Forced Breathing
- Involves accessory muscles (e.g., sternocleidomastoid, scalenes) along with the external intercostals and diaphragm, enabling deeper inspirations and more forceful expirations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of the respiratory system, including the functions of the diaphragm, types of epithelium, and principles such as Henry's Law. This quiz covers essential aspects of respiratory physiology and anatomy, perfect for students studying human biology.
