Biology Chapter 22: Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the diaphragm in the human body?

  • To separate the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity
  • To facilitate inhalation (correct)
  • To facilitate exhalation
  • To control the breathing rhythm

    • Which of the following statements is true about ventilation?

  • It occurs by positive pressure breathing
  • It occurs by negative pressure breathing (correct)
  • It occurs by a combination of positive and negative pressure breathing
  • It is controlled by the diaphragm

    • What happens to the rib cage during inhalation?

  • It expands, increasing chest cavity volume (correct)
  • It moves downwards
  • It decreases in size
  • It remains the same

    • What is the role of the medulla oblongata in breathing?

    <p>It controls the rate and depth of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid when CO2 rises?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, and buffer blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule carry?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemoglobin in buffering blood?

    <p>It helps to maintain a constant pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To provide oxygen for cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system contains the vocal cords?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the rings of cartilage in the trachea?

    <p>To keep the passageway always open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

    <p>In the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tiny grape-like clusters of air sacs where gas exchange occurs?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?

    <p>To filter, warm, and humidify the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues?

    <p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gas Exchange in Humans

    • Gas exchange involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange with body cells to provide oxygen for cellular respiration and remove waste CO2.
    • The process involves inhalation, transport, and exchange of gases between the environment and body cells.

    Pathway of Air

    • Air enters the respiratory system through the nostrils, where it is filtered, warmed, and humidified in the nasal cavity.
    • Air then passes through the pharynx, a common passageway for air and food, and into the larynx, which contains vocal cords.
    • The trachea, a tube with cartilage rings, leads to the bronchi, which branch into smaller bronchioles that eventually dead-end into alveoli, tiny grape-like clusters of air sacs.

    Gas Exchange in Alveoli

    • Alveoli are surrounded by blood capillaries, where gas exchange occurs through diffusion.
    • Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli.

    Ventilation by Negative Pressure Breathing

    • Ventilation occurs through negative pressure breathing, which creates a pressure gradient by changing the volume of the lungs.
    • During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, the rib cage expands, and air moves in due to the decrease in air pressure inside the lungs.
    • During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, the rib cage gets smaller, and air pressure increases, pushing air out of the lungs.

    Control of Breathing

    • Breathing is controlled by involuntary mechanisms, with the medulla oblongata in the brain regulating breathing rhythm.
    • Sensors in the medulla monitor the pH of cerebrospinal fluid, responding to changes in CO2 levels.
    • When CO2 levels rise, the medulla increases breathing rate and depth to eliminate excess CO2 and maintain homeostasis.

    Hemoglobin and Gas Transport

    • Hemoglobin, an iron-containing pigment in red blood cells, carries oxygen and helps transport carbon dioxide.
    • Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to four oxygen molecules, which bind to the four iron atoms.
    • Hemoglobin also helps buffer the blood by binding to excess hydrogen ions.

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    Learn about the respiratory system, gas exchange in humans, breathing, and transport of gases and exchange with body cells.

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