Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the pressure inside the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

  • It fluctuates.
  • It remains the same.
  • It decreases. (correct)
  • It increases.

    • Expiration is primarily an active process that requires muscle contraction.

    False

    Name the primary muscle responsible for inspiration.

    Diaphragm

    During expiration, the diaphragm returns to its ______ shape.

    <p>dome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle functions to their respective phases of pulmonary ventilation:

    <p>Diaphragm = Inspiration Internal intercostals = Expiration External intercostals = Inspiration Abdominal muscles = Expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory muscles assist in more forceful inspiration during exercise?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary ventilation involves both inhalation and exhalation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased thoracic cavity volume on gas movement?

    <p>It causes gases to move into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

    <p>FRC = RV + ERV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal expiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe Boyle's law in relation to the respiratory system.

    <p>Boyle's law states that in a container with flexible walls, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related; as volume decreases, pressure increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atmosphere is composed of ___% nitrogen.

    <p>78</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gas laws with their descriptions:

    <p>Boyle's law = Volume and pressure are inversely related Henry's law = Gas solubility in liquid is proportional to pressure Charles' law = Pressure increases with temperature Dalton's law = Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is found in the atmosphere at approximately 0.04%?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas will always move from a region of low pressure to a region of high pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal expiration is known as ___ capacity.

    <p>Inspiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal tidal volume (TV) for a healthy adult?

    <p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total lung capacity (TLC) is equal to the sum of all basic lung volumes excluding residual volume (RV).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

    <p>It is the maximum additional air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximal inspiration is known as __________.

    <p>Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung volume/capacity with its description:

    <p>Tidal Volume = Amount of air per normal breath Residual Volume = Air remaining after maximal expiration Inspiratory Reserve Volume = Extra air inhaled after a normal breath Expiratory Reserve Volume = Extra air exhaled after a normal breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During normal breathing at rest, approximately what fraction of total lung capacity is commonly used?

    <p>1/10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vital capacity includes tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total lung capacity formula is __________ = RV + IRV + TV + ERV.

    <p>TLC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulmonary respiration?

    <p>Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tissue respiration is also called external respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen?

    <p>Oxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood transport gases between the lungs and body __________.

    <p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the release of oxygen by hemoglobin?

    <p>Blood temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Oxyhemoglobin = Hemoglobin combined with oxygen Reduced hemoglobin = Hemoglobin that has released oxygen Pulmonary respiration = Gas exchange in the lungs Tissue respiration = Gas exchange in body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of oxygen transported in the blood is dissolved in plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen is low?

    <p>Hemoglobin releases oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactic acid promotes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin during exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid in red blood cells?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the lungs, bicarbonate ions move into the RBCs and bind with __________ ions to form carbonic acid.

    <p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Carbon dioxide = Gas transported as bicarbonate in the blood Hemoglobin = Protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells Carbonic acid = Compound formed from CO2 and H2O Chloride shift = Movement of chloride ions to balance bicarbonate outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

    <p>Increased temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, tissues produce less heat which decreases local temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of motor control of breathing?

    <p>Voluntary and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inspiratory center?

    <p>Stimulate diaphragm via phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation is primarily an active process requiring muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main groups of neurons involved in controlling respiration in the brainstem?

    <p>Medullary respiratory center and pons respiratory group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ center in the pons increases the depth and duration of inspiration.

    <p>apneustic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory centers with their functions:

    <p>Pneumotaxic center = Decreases depth and duration of inspiration Dorsal respiratory group = Pacesetting respiratory center Ventral respiratory group = Involved in forced breathing Pontine respiratory group = Smooths transitions between inhalation and exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex promotes constriction of air passages in response to irritants?

    <p>Pulmonary irritant reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of respiration is determined by how long the expiratory center is active.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do stretch receptors in the lungs play in respiration?

    <p>They limit the depth of inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in arterial _________ can modify respiratory rate even when CO2 and O2 levels are stable.

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during hyperventilation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide is flushed from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pontine respiratory group participates in voluntary control of breathing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits the inspiration from being too deep?

    <p>Lung stretch receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substantial drops in arterial PO2 to _________ mm Hg become critical for increasing ventilation.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following responses with their triggers:

    <p>Increase in body temperature = Increases respiratory rate Falling pH = Increased ventilation Hypercapnia = Leads to hyperventilation Irritants = Promote airway constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students should be able to describe lung volumes and capacities of the respiratory system.
    • Students should be able to explain pulmonary ventilation in the respiratory system.
    • Students should be able to explain external and internal respiration.
    • Students should be able to describe the transport of respiratory gases.
    • Students should be able to explain the control of respiration.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • A healthy adult breathes about 12 times per minute, with each breath moving about 500 mL of air in and out of the lungs.
    • Measuring lung volumes helps understand normal lung function and disease states.
    • At rest, about one-tenth of the total lung capacity is used; greater amounts are used with exercise.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities (terms)

    • Tidal volume (TV): The amount of gas inspired or expired with each normal breath, about 500 mL.
    • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Maximum amount of additional air that can be inspired from the end of normal inspiration.
    • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Maximum volume of additional air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration.
    • Residual volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal expiration.
    • Total lung capacity (TLC): Volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. TLC = RV + IRV + TV + ERV.
    • Vital capacity (VC): Maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration. VC = IRV + TV + ERV.
    • Functional residual capacity (FRC): Volume of air remaining in the lung at the end of a normal expiration. FRC = RV + ERV.
    • Inspiratory capacity (IC): Maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end expiratory position. IC = TV + IRV.

    Understanding Gases

    • The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and water vapor (variable, around 1%).
    • Gases obey gas laws, which apply equally to gases in the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and cells.

    Boyle's Law

    • Boyle's law discusses how volume and pressure are inversely related in containers with flexible walls, such as the thoracic cage.
    • If the volume decreases, pressure increases, and vice versa.

    Henry's Law

    • The quantity of gas dissolving in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility.

    Charles' Law

    • As temperature rises, pressure increases; as temperature falls, pressure decreases.

    Dalton's Law

    • Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present.

    Gas Exchange

    • Gas molecules diffuse from higher pressure (concentration) regions to lower pressure (concentration) regions.

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air between the atmosphere and alveoli, achieved by changes in intrathoracic volume.
    • Breathing has two phases: inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling).

    Inspiration/Inhalation

    • External intercostal muscles contract.
    • Diaphragm contracts (downward and flattens).
    • Rib cage moves up and out.
    • Thoracic cavity increases in size.
    • Pressure inside thoracic cavity decreases.
    • Air moves from higher pressure (atmosphere) to lower pressure (lungs).

    Expiration/Exhalation

    • External intercostal and abdominal muscles relax.
    • Rib cage moves down and in.
    • Diaphragm relaxes (returns to dome shape).
    • Thoracic cavity decreases in size.
    • Pressure inside thoracic cavity increases.
    • Air moves from higher pressure (lungs) to lower pressure (atmosphere).

    Pulmonary Respiration

    • External respiration: Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries.
    • Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated.

    Tissue Respiration

    • Internal respiration: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood in capillaries and body cells.
    • Oxygenated blood delivers O2 to tissues; receives CO2 from tissues.

    Transport of Respiratory Gases

    • Blood transports gases between the lungs and body tissues.
    • Oxygen and carbon dioxide undergo physical and chemical changes during transport and exchange.

    Oxygen Transport

    • Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin (98.5%) within red blood cells, and dissolved in plasma (1.5%).
    • Hemoglobin binds O2 readily when blood partial pressure of O2 (PO2) is high, and releases O2 when PO2 is low.
    • Other factors influencing oxygen release include PCO2, acidity, and temperature.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms: dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin), and as bicarbonate ions.

    Control of Respiration

    • Breathing is controlled voluntarily and involuntarily.
    • Voluntary control is via somatic motor neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons.
    • Involuntary control is via feedback from receptors monitoring blood chemistry.
    • Control centers in the medulla and pons include the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG), and pontine respiratory group (PRG).
    • The respiratory rhythm can also be influenced by intrinsic properties of inspiratory neurons, stretch receptors in the lungs, and other stimuli like emotions, pain, and temperature.
    • Rate and depth of breathing are influenced by PCO2, PO2, and pH levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts about lung volumes and capacities, pulmonary ventilation, and the processes of external and internal respiration. Students will learn the transport mechanisms of respiratory gases and control of breathing. Aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the respiratory system.

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