Respiratory Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration?

It becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.

It is less than atmospheric pressure. (correct)

It is greater than atmospheric pressure.

It remains unchanged.

At the end of expiration, what is the relationship between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure?

Intra-alveolar pressure fluctuates between atmospheric pressure.

Intra-alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. (correct)

Intra-alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.

Intra-alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.

What occurs when thoracic volume increases during inspiration?

Alveolar volume decreases as air moves in.

Increased alveolar pressure causes air to move out.

Intra-alveolar pressure increases.

Alveolar volume increases and alveolar pressure decreases. (correct)

Which pressure measurement is recorded as 759 mm Hg during inspiration?

Intra-alveolar pressure. Signup and view all the answers

During expiration, what happens to the pressure inside the alveoli?

Intra-alveolar pressure increases and air moves out. Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the inner surface of the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mucus serve in the trachea?

It traps debris and helps in its movement upwards. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atmospheric pressure considered during this process?

760 mm Hg. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contracts during coughing in the trachea?

Trachealis muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of air movement at the end of expiration?

No air movement occurs. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the trachea facilitate the removal of mucus?

The cilia push mucus towards the pharynx. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of breathing involves the contraction of the diaphragm?

Inspiration. Signup and view all the answers

What comprises the posterior surface of the trachea?

Elastic ligamentous membrane and smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which feature indicates that the trachea is effective in trapping foreign particles?

Presence of goblet cells producing mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tracheobronchial tree?

Transporting air and removing debris Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mucus in the trachea when cilia move?

It is pushed upwards toward the larynx. Signup and view all the answers

What primary effect does hypercapnia have on respiration?

Increases the rate and depth of respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating CO2 and pH levels?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment occurs because of a decrease in oxygen levels (hypoxia)?

Increased stimulation of the respiratory center Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the anaerobic threshold during exercise?

Highest level of exercise without a significant pH change Signup and view all the answers

How do carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood pH?

They respond rapidly to decreased blood pH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveolar ventilation (VA)?

To provide volume of air available for gas exchange per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of inspiration?

Movement of air into the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which zone is responsible for pulmonary gas exchange?

Respiratory zone Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism is primarily involved in altering blood pH?

Changing blood carbon dioxide levels Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the tracheobronchial tree helps keep the airway open?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

How do the amounts of cartilage and smooth muscle change as the bronchioles become smaller?

Cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the larger bronchioles?

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ACE in the respiratory system?

To regulate blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the average PO2 of alveolar air?

104 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

At what pressure does oxygen diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries?

104 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the PO2 of arterial blood as it arrives in the tissues?

95 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

Why does the PO2 decrease slightly in the pulmonary veins?

Mixing of deoxygenated blood from bronchial veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the average PCO2 of arterial blood arriving in the tissues?

40 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen when blood reaches the venous end of a capillary network?

It achieves an equilibrium with the tissues Signup and view all the answers

How is carbon dioxide transported from cells to blood?

Due to increased intracellular PCO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the PO2 in individual tissue cells?

20 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Trachea

The trachea is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi
The posterior surface is elastic and is composed of a ligamentous membrane and smooth muscle called the trachealis muscle
The trachealis muscle contracts during coughing
The inner lining is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Mucus traps debris and cilia push it superiorly to the larynx and pharynx

Tracheobronchial Tree

The tracheobronchial tree is made up of the trachea and the branching network of air tubes in the lungs
The trachea to the terminal bronchioles is ciliated, to remove debris
Cartilage holds the airways open
Smooth muscle controls the diameter of the airways
The amount of cartilage decreases as the tubes get smaller and the amount of smooth muscle increases

Lobar Bronchi

Lobar bronchi arise from the main bronchi
Each lobar bronchus serves a lobe of the lungs
Lobar bronchi contain cartilage plates
They are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
There are three lobar bronchi on the right and two on the left

Segmental Bronchi

Segmental bronchi supply bronchopulmonary segments

Bronchioles

Bronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameter
Larger bronchioles are lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Gas Exchange: Oxygen

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) of alveolar air is approximately 104 mmHg
PO2 in the pulmonary capillaries is approximately 40 mmHg
Oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries, down its partial pressure gradient
The PO2 in blood reaches an equilibrium of 104 mmHg by the time it reaches the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries, even during exercise
There is a slight decrease in the PO2 of blood in the pulmonary veins to about 95 mmHg, due to mixing of deoxygenated blood from the bronchial veins with blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries
The PO2 of arterial blood as it arrives in the tissues is still 95 mmHg compared to the PO2 of the interstitial fluid, which is 40 mmHg
Oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid and across the plasma membrane of individual cells
The PO2 in individual tissue cells is around 20 mmHg and the cells use the O2 for cellular respiration
By the time blood has reached the venous end of a capillary network, it has achieved an equilibrium with the cells and interstitial fluid

Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide

As cells produce CO2, the intracellular PCO2 increases to approximately 46 mmHg and the interstitial fluid PCO2 is approximately 45 mmHg
The PCO2 of arterial blood as it arrives in the tissues is 40 mmHg
CO2 diffuses out of the cells, into the interstitial fluid and into the blood, down its partial pressure gradient

Chemical Control of Ventilation

Carbon Dioxide: A small change in carbon dioxide in the blood triggers a large increase in the rate and depth of respiration
Hypercapnia is greater-than-normal amount of carbon dioxide, increases breathing rate
Hypocapnia is lower-than-normal amount of carbon dioxide, decreases breathing rate
The chemosensitive area in medulla oblongata is more important for regulation of CO2 and pH
Carotid bodies respond rapidly to changes in blood pH, brought on by exercise
Oxygen: Carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors respond to decreased O2 by increased stimulation of the respiratory center to keep it active despite decreasing oxygen levels
Hypoxia is a decrease in oxygen levels below normal values

Effect of Exercise on Ventilation

Ventilation increases abruptly at the onset of exercise
The movement of limbs has a strong influence on ventilation
There is a learned component of ventilation during exercise
After the immediate increase, ventilation increases gradually over a period of 4-6 minutes
The anaerobic threshold refers to the highest level of exercise without causing a significant change in blood pH
If the anaerobic threshold is exceeded, lactic acid is produced by skeletal muscles

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the trachea and tracheobronchial tree. This quiz covers their structure, function, and the role of cilia and smooth muscle in the respiratory system. Perfect for students studying respiratory anatomy in biology.